α2-Macroglobulin (MG)

Albumin

Human kallikrein

α1-Antichymotrypsin (ACT)

Globulin

Age

Prostate volume

Race

Age, race, and prostate volume

ACT concentration

enlargement.

inflammation.

manipulation.

All of the above.

cancer.

Give a 2-week course of fluoroquinolones, then repeat PSA.

Repeat the PSA measurement after a period of observation.

Give a 4 week course of doxycycline, then repeat PSA.

All of the above.

Repeat the measurement after cystoscopy.

PSA velocity

All of the above

Percent free PSA

PSA transition zone density

PSA density

6 ng/mL

4 ng/mL

2 ng/mL

12 ng/mL

8 ng/mL

Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)

Human glandular kallikrein (hK2)

Combination of DRE and TRUS

Digital rectal exam (DRE)

PSA

PSA and DRE are components of the staging evaluation.

A goal of staging is to predict prognosis.

Imaging can accurately identify all cases of pelvic lymph node metastases.

Staging facilitates the selection of rational therapy on the basis of predicted extent of disease.

Pelvic lymphadenectomy is the gold standard for the detection of pelvic lymph node metastases.

histologic grade.

DRE.

bone scan.

serum PSA.

all of the above.

seminal vesicle involvement.

PSA.

capsular penetration.

surgical margin status.

tumor volume.

(c) Lymph node involvement

(a) Positive surgical margins

Both a and b

(b) Seminal vesicle involvement

Both b and c

low-grade disease at radical prostatectomy.

a greater likelihood of capsular penetration.

a bilateral nerve-sparing prostatectomy should not be considered.

organ-confined disease.

pelvic lymph node involvement.

Seventy percent or more of men with a PSA value between 4 and 10 ng/mL have organ-confined disease.

Twenty-five percent of men with a PSA value less than 4 ng/mL have organ-confined disease.

Ten percent of men with a PSA value greater than 10 ng/mL have extraprostatic extension.

One hundred percent of men with a PSA value greater than 50 ng/mL have pelvic lymph node involvement.

Serum PSA has no predictive value for staging.

The primary grade represents the second-largest area of cancer on the biopsy specimen.

Primary grade ranges from 1 to 5.

Secondary grade and primary grade are summed to provide a Gleason score (2 to 10).

Secondary grade ranges from 1 to 5.

The presence of a Gleason primary or secondary grade 4 or 5 on any biopsy specimen is predictive of poorer prognosis.

(c) Gleason score

(d) Clinical stage

a, c, and d are all correct.

(b) Number of positive biopsy cores

(a) PSA