laboratory studies including liver function tests.

cross-sectional imaging of the abdomen and pelvis.

transurethral resection with adequate detrusor muscle in the specimen.

bimanual examination under anesthesia.

all of the above.

nodal metastasis.

prostatic urethral involvement.

pT2a versus pT2b substaging.

ureteral margin status.

soft tissue margin status.

extranodal extension.

laterality of a single positive lymph node.

anatomic extent of the lymph node dissection.

absolute number of lymph nodes removed.

lymph node density.

Greater than 1.5-liter blood loss during the cystectomy

Positive ureteral frozen section for carcinoma in situ (CIS)

None of the above

Positive apical urethral frozen section for urothelial carcinoma

Suspicious lymphadenopathy

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is likely underutilized in the U.S.-based studies that use administrative data sets.

All of the above.

Patients who are pT0 on final pathology following neoadjuvant chemotherapy have excellent oncologic outcomes.

Meta-analysis of available randomized trial data have reported an absolute 5% survival advantage for patients who receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

In patients in whom a cisplatin-based regimen is contraindicated, carboplatin-based chemotherapy provides similar oncologic efficacy.

adjuvant pelvic external beam radiation therapy.

combination chemotherapy/external beam radiation therapy.

enrollment in a clinical vaccine trial.

adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy.

adjuvant carboplatin-based chemotherapy.

hydronephrosis.

diffuse bladder CIS.

T3 disease on cross-sectional imaging.

a solitary, completely resected tumor.

multifocal tumors.

(b) visceral metastasis.

(a) Karnofsky performance status below 80%.

neither a nor b

both a and b

studies demonstrating improved overall survival.

better toxicity profile.

cost.

studies demonstrating improved progression-free survival.

oral administration compared with intravenous (IV) administration.

recurrent urinary tract infection.

age older than 75 years.

tumor invading the anterior vaginal wall.

nodal metastasis.

a serum creatinine of 1.5.