all of the above.

bimanual examination under anesthesia.

transurethral resection with adequate detrusor muscle in the specimen.

laboratory studies including liver function tests.

cross-sectional imaging of the abdomen and pelvis.

prostatic urethral involvement.

pT2a versus pT2b substaging.

soft tissue margin status.

ureteral margin status.

nodal metastasis.

anatomic extent of the lymph node dissection.

laterality of a single positive lymph node.

absolute number of lymph nodes removed.

lymph node density.

extranodal extension.

None of the above

Positive apical urethral frozen section for urothelial carcinoma

Greater than 1.5-liter blood loss during the cystectomy

Positive ureteral frozen section for carcinoma in situ (CIS)

Suspicious lymphadenopathy

In patients in whom a cisplatin-based regimen is contraindicated, carboplatin-based chemotherapy provides similar oncologic efficacy.

Patients who are pT0 on final pathology following neoadjuvant chemotherapy have excellent oncologic outcomes.

All of the above.

Meta-analysis of available randomized trial data have reported an absolute 5% survival advantage for patients who receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is likely underutilized in the U.S.-based studies that use administrative data sets.

adjuvant carboplatin-based chemotherapy.

adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy.

combination chemotherapy/external beam radiation therapy.

enrollment in a clinical vaccine trial.

adjuvant pelvic external beam radiation therapy.

multifocal tumors.

T3 disease on cross-sectional imaging.

hydronephrosis.

diffuse bladder CIS.

a solitary, completely resected tumor.

(a) Karnofsky performance status below 80%.

(b) visceral metastasis.

neither a nor b

both a and b

studies demonstrating improved progression-free survival.

studies demonstrating improved overall survival.

oral administration compared with intravenous (IV) administration.

better toxicity profile.

cost.

recurrent urinary tract infection.

nodal metastasis.

a serum creatinine of 1.5.

tumor invading the anterior vaginal wall.

age older than 75 years.