(c) body position.
(a) different phases of respiration.
(b) presence of anatomic anomalies.
a, b, and c
a and c
laterally.
inferiorly and medially.
inferiorly and laterally.
medially.
inferiorly.
the descending colon.
the ascending and descending colons.
the ascending and transverse colon.
the transverse colon.
the ascending colon.
None of the above
Cortical extensions between renal lobules
Extensions of renal cortex between the pyramids
The collecting ducts
Extensions of renal medulla between the pyramids
(c) hypoechoic.
(a) hyperechoic.
b and c
(b) isoechoic.
(d) variable, depending on the renal function.
renal atrophy.
an effect that depends on the availability of collaterals.
segmental renal infarction.
opening of the collateral circulation.
no pathologic conditions.
the lower anterior segmental artery when it passes posterior to the ureter.
the posterior segmental artery when it passes posterior to the renal pelvis.
the lower anterior segmental artery when it passes anterior to the ureter.
crossing of the ureter by any of the renal segmental arteries.
the posterior segmental artery when it passes anterior to the ureter.
segmental renal congestion.
gross hematuria.
segmental renal atrophy.
All of the above
intravenous urography.
Doppler ultrasonography.
computed tomography angiography (CTA).
noncontrast computed tomography.
(b) postabdominoperineal surgery.
(c) retroperitoneal fibrosis.
(a) pelvic lipomatosis.
(b) ureteral stricture.
(c) no impact on ureteral blood supply.
(d) gross hematuria.
(a) ureteral ischemia.
a and b
any of the above.
anterior.
lateral.
medial.
posterior.
Intraureteral valves
The intramural ureter
The bladder trigone
The interureteral ridge
the greater its tendency to reflux.
the greater its tendency to be associated with ureterocele.
the lesser its tendency to reflux.
the greater its tendency to be laterally located.
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