increase in urine production and increase in voiding frequency.

decrease in voided volume and increase in voiding frequency.

increase in bladder capacity and no change in voided volume.

increase in bladder capacity and decrease in voiding frequency.

decrease in urine production and increase in bladder capacity.

Lower Pdetmax is observed in infants compared with adults.

Higher Pdetmax is observed in both male and female infants.

There is no difference compared with adults.

Higher Pdetmax is observed in female infants only.

Higher Pdetmax is observed in male infants only.

Innervation of the bladder involves both the central somatic and the autonomic nervous system.

Micturition is initiated with a full bladder by a simple spinal cord reflex.

Micturition does not occur during sleep.

Development of direct volitional control over the bladder-sphincter complex occurs.

Neurologic control occurs at different levels of the central nervous system from spinal cord to brainstem.

all of the above.

the Vincent curtsy sign.

the hold maneuver.

urgency.

small bladder capacity.

Hinman syndrome.

vesicovaginal reflux.

stress incontinence.

vesicoureteral reflux (VUR).

urge syndrome.

None of the above

Large bladder capacity with poor bladder emptying

Hyperreflexic bladder with reduced bladder capacity

Small bladder capacity with incontinence

Small bladder capacity with frequent voiding

VUR

Urinary tract infection (UTI)

Hydronephrosis

Enuresis

All of the above

A urodynamic study is warranted for appropriate management of any underlying bladder dysfunction.

Surgical intervention is a consideration when the child is older.

The risk of breakthrough UTI is minimal on prophylactic antibiotic therapy.

Radiologic studies of the upper urinary tract are not necessary.

There is a high rate of spontaneous resolution of the VUR.

Urine culture

Radiograph of lumbar spine

Voiding diary

Ambulatory urodynamic study

Micturating cystourethrogram

Natural fill urodynamics can only be performed via a suprapubic catheter.

Conventional fill studies are performed during ambulatory urodynamics.

Detrusor response may be inhibited during conventional fill urodynamic studies.

During video-urodynamics the child is allowed to run freely within a private cubicle.

Urodynamic studies are used to describe the physiologic parameters involved in the bladder mechanics during voiding only.

antimuscarinics.

pelvic floor rehabilitation.

acupuncture.

antibiotic prophylaxis.

bowel management.

Normal findings

Poor bladder compliance

Reduced functional bladder capacity

Low leak-point pressure

Marked reduction in bladder emptying efficiency