posterior urethral valves.

prune-belly syndrome.

bladder exstrophy or epispadias.

cloacal anomalies.

spinal dysraphism.

Mitrofanoff’s description of a continent abdominal wall stoma using appendix.

Lapides’ introduction of clean intermittent catheterization (CIC).

recognition that a dilated ureter could be used for bladder augmentation.

Goodwin’s description of ileal reconfiguration.

development of several effective means to increase bladder outlet resistance.

subepithelial matrix bridges associated with collagen.

hypertrophic bladder bundles interspersed with collagen.

bladder unfolding, elasticity, and viscoelasticity.

ample collagen type II.

inverse relationship of bladder volume and bladder pressure.

30 cm H2O.

50 cm H2O.

60 cm H2O.

20 cm H2O.

40 cm H2O.

gastric augmentation.

pharmacologic management and intermittent catheterization.

sigmoid augmentation.

ileal augmentation.

autoaugmentation.

carbon dioxide as an irrigant at a slow fill rate (10% of capacity per minute).

body temperature saline at a fast fill rate (30% of capacity per minute).

cooled saline at a slow fill rate (10% of capacity per minute).

cooled saline at a fast fill rate (30% of capacity per minute).

room temperature saline at a slow fill rate (10% of capacity per minute).

documentation of the presence or absence of vesicoureteral reflux.

documentation of a serum creatinine value less than 1.4 mg/dL.

confirmation of a normal upper urinary tract.

identification of a highly compliant bladder.

acceptance and compliance with intermittent catheterization.

ileocystoplasty.

ureterocystoplasty.

all of the above.

gastrocystoplasty.

sigmoid cystoplasty.

mobilization of the crossing ureter without angulation beneath the inferior mesenteric artery.

mobilization of the recipient ureter to meet the crossing one.

wide anastomosis of the crossing ureter to the posteromedial aspect of the recipient.

mobilization of the crossing ureter with periureteral tissue.

watertight anastomosis.

ileum.

transverse colon.

sigmoid colon.

cecum.

stomach.

can achieve successful continence results similar to those noted in children with bladder exstrophy.

results in limited success because of a lack of muscle tone and activity of the native bladder neck.

does not often require bladder augmentation or intermittent catheterization.

is best performed in association with a Silastic sling.

limits the necessity for intermittent catheterization in children who could empty by a Valsalva maneuver preoperatively.

Pippi-Salle bladder neck repair.

Young-Dees-Leadbetter bladder neck repair.

fascial bladder neck sling placement.

Kropp bladder neck repair.

artificial urinary sphincter placement.

unmasking of detrusor hostility, resulting in upper urinary tract changes.

inability to spontaneously void.

recurrent cystitis.

associated need for augmentation cystoplasty.

recurrent urolithiasis.

are dependent on the type of fascial or cadaveric tissue used.

rarely result in the need for bladder augmentation and intermittent catheterization.

frequently result in urethral erosion.

are more effective in girls than in boys.

are dependent on the configuration of the sling and wrap used.

associated need for bladder augmentation.

bladder exstrophy or epispadias.

prepubertal age.

neurogenic bladder dysfunction.

inability to empty the bladder by spontaneous voiding.