bladder exstrophy or epispadias.

posterior urethral valves.

prune-belly syndrome.

spinal dysraphism.

cloacal anomalies.

Mitrofanoff’s description of a continent abdominal wall stoma using appendix.

Goodwin’s description of ileal reconfiguration.

development of several effective means to increase bladder outlet resistance.

recognition that a dilated ureter could be used for bladder augmentation.

Lapides’ introduction of clean intermittent catheterization (CIC).

hypertrophic bladder bundles interspersed with collagen.

inverse relationship of bladder volume and bladder pressure.

ample collagen type II.

subepithelial matrix bridges associated with collagen.

bladder unfolding, elasticity, and viscoelasticity.

50 cm H2O.

30 cm H2O.

40 cm H2O.

60 cm H2O.

20 cm H2O.

sigmoid augmentation.

gastric augmentation.

pharmacologic management and intermittent catheterization.

ileal augmentation.

autoaugmentation.

cooled saline at a slow fill rate (10% of capacity per minute).

cooled saline at a fast fill rate (30% of capacity per minute).

carbon dioxide as an irrigant at a slow fill rate (10% of capacity per minute).

room temperature saline at a slow fill rate (10% of capacity per minute).

body temperature saline at a fast fill rate (30% of capacity per minute).

confirmation of a normal upper urinary tract.

documentation of the presence or absence of vesicoureteral reflux.

acceptance and compliance with intermittent catheterization.

documentation of a serum creatinine value less than 1.4 mg/dL.

identification of a highly compliant bladder.

all of the above.

gastrocystoplasty.

ureterocystoplasty.

ileocystoplasty.

sigmoid cystoplasty.

mobilization of the crossing ureter with periureteral tissue.

watertight anastomosis.

mobilization of the recipient ureter to meet the crossing one.

mobilization of the crossing ureter without angulation beneath the inferior mesenteric artery.

wide anastomosis of the crossing ureter to the posteromedial aspect of the recipient.

transverse colon.

sigmoid colon.

stomach.

cecum.

ileum.

limits the necessity for intermittent catheterization in children who could empty by a Valsalva maneuver preoperatively.

is best performed in association with a Silastic sling.

results in limited success because of a lack of muscle tone and activity of the native bladder neck.

can achieve successful continence results similar to those noted in children with bladder exstrophy.

does not often require bladder augmentation or intermittent catheterization.

Young-Dees-Leadbetter bladder neck repair.

artificial urinary sphincter placement.

Pippi-Salle bladder neck repair.

fascial bladder neck sling placement.

Kropp bladder neck repair.

inability to spontaneously void.

associated need for augmentation cystoplasty.

recurrent cystitis.

unmasking of detrusor hostility, resulting in upper urinary tract changes.

recurrent urolithiasis.

are dependent on the type of fascial or cadaveric tissue used.

rarely result in the need for bladder augmentation and intermittent catheterization.

are dependent on the configuration of the sling and wrap used.

frequently result in urethral erosion.

are more effective in girls than in boys.

bladder exstrophy or epispadias.

associated need for bladder augmentation.

neurogenic bladder dysfunction.

prepubertal age.

inability to empty the bladder by spontaneous voiding.