cloacal anomalies.

spinal dysraphism.

bladder exstrophy or epispadias.

prune-belly syndrome.

posterior urethral valves.

Goodwin’s description of ileal reconfiguration.

recognition that a dilated ureter could be used for bladder augmentation.

Lapides’ introduction of clean intermittent catheterization (CIC).

Mitrofanoff’s description of a continent abdominal wall stoma using appendix.

development of several effective means to increase bladder outlet resistance.

bladder unfolding, elasticity, and viscoelasticity.

hypertrophic bladder bundles interspersed with collagen.

ample collagen type II.

inverse relationship of bladder volume and bladder pressure.

subepithelial matrix bridges associated with collagen.

50 cm H2O.

20 cm H2O.

40 cm H2O.

30 cm H2O.

60 cm H2O.

autoaugmentation.

gastric augmentation.

ileal augmentation.

pharmacologic management and intermittent catheterization.

sigmoid augmentation.

room temperature saline at a slow fill rate (10% of capacity per minute).

body temperature saline at a fast fill rate (30% of capacity per minute).

cooled saline at a slow fill rate (10% of capacity per minute).

cooled saline at a fast fill rate (30% of capacity per minute).

carbon dioxide as an irrigant at a slow fill rate (10% of capacity per minute).

documentation of the presence or absence of vesicoureteral reflux.

acceptance and compliance with intermittent catheterization.

confirmation of a normal upper urinary tract.

identification of a highly compliant bladder.

documentation of a serum creatinine value less than 1.4 mg/dL.

sigmoid cystoplasty.

ureterocystoplasty.

gastrocystoplasty.

ileocystoplasty.

all of the above.

mobilization of the crossing ureter with periureteral tissue.

mobilization of the recipient ureter to meet the crossing one.

mobilization of the crossing ureter without angulation beneath the inferior mesenteric artery.

wide anastomosis of the crossing ureter to the posteromedial aspect of the recipient.

watertight anastomosis.

sigmoid colon.

ileum.

transverse colon.

cecum.

stomach.

is best performed in association with a Silastic sling.

results in limited success because of a lack of muscle tone and activity of the native bladder neck.

limits the necessity for intermittent catheterization in children who could empty by a Valsalva maneuver preoperatively.

does not often require bladder augmentation or intermittent catheterization.

can achieve successful continence results similar to those noted in children with bladder exstrophy.

artificial urinary sphincter placement.

fascial bladder neck sling placement.

Kropp bladder neck repair.

Young-Dees-Leadbetter bladder neck repair.

Pippi-Salle bladder neck repair.

inability to spontaneously void.

unmasking of detrusor hostility, resulting in upper urinary tract changes.

recurrent urolithiasis.

associated need for augmentation cystoplasty.

recurrent cystitis.

are more effective in girls than in boys.

are dependent on the type of fascial or cadaveric tissue used.

rarely result in the need for bladder augmentation and intermittent catheterization.

are dependent on the configuration of the sling and wrap used.

frequently result in urethral erosion.

prepubertal age.

neurogenic bladder dysfunction.

associated need for bladder augmentation.

inability to empty the bladder by spontaneous voiding.

bladder exstrophy or epispadias.