posterior urethral valves.

cloacal anomalies.

spinal dysraphism.

prune-belly syndrome.

bladder exstrophy or epispadias.

Mitrofanoff’s description of a continent abdominal wall stoma using appendix.

recognition that a dilated ureter could be used for bladder augmentation.

Goodwin’s description of ileal reconfiguration.

development of several effective means to increase bladder outlet resistance.

Lapides’ introduction of clean intermittent catheterization (CIC).

inverse relationship of bladder volume and bladder pressure.

subepithelial matrix bridges associated with collagen.

hypertrophic bladder bundles interspersed with collagen.

ample collagen type II.

bladder unfolding, elasticity, and viscoelasticity.

50 cm H2O.

60 cm H2O.

20 cm H2O.

40 cm H2O.

30 cm H2O.

gastric augmentation.

autoaugmentation.

sigmoid augmentation.

ileal augmentation.

pharmacologic management and intermittent catheterization.

cooled saline at a slow fill rate (10% of capacity per minute).

cooled saline at a fast fill rate (30% of capacity per minute).

carbon dioxide as an irrigant at a slow fill rate (10% of capacity per minute).

body temperature saline at a fast fill rate (30% of capacity per minute).

room temperature saline at a slow fill rate (10% of capacity per minute).

confirmation of a normal upper urinary tract.

documentation of a serum creatinine value less than 1.4 mg/dL.

identification of a highly compliant bladder.

documentation of the presence or absence of vesicoureteral reflux.

acceptance and compliance with intermittent catheterization.

ileocystoplasty.

gastrocystoplasty.

ureterocystoplasty.

sigmoid cystoplasty.

all of the above.

watertight anastomosis.

mobilization of the crossing ureter without angulation beneath the inferior mesenteric artery.

mobilization of the recipient ureter to meet the crossing one.

wide anastomosis of the crossing ureter to the posteromedial aspect of the recipient.

mobilization of the crossing ureter with periureteral tissue.

cecum.

sigmoid colon.

transverse colon.

stomach.

ileum.

limits the necessity for intermittent catheterization in children who could empty by a Valsalva maneuver preoperatively.

is best performed in association with a Silastic sling.

does not often require bladder augmentation or intermittent catheterization.

results in limited success because of a lack of muscle tone and activity of the native bladder neck.

can achieve successful continence results similar to those noted in children with bladder exstrophy.

Kropp bladder neck repair.

Young-Dees-Leadbetter bladder neck repair.

artificial urinary sphincter placement.

fascial bladder neck sling placement.

Pippi-Salle bladder neck repair.

inability to spontaneously void.

unmasking of detrusor hostility, resulting in upper urinary tract changes.

recurrent cystitis.

associated need for augmentation cystoplasty.

recurrent urolithiasis.

are more effective in girls than in boys.

are dependent on the type of fascial or cadaveric tissue used.

frequently result in urethral erosion.

rarely result in the need for bladder augmentation and intermittent catheterization.

are dependent on the configuration of the sling and wrap used.

associated need for bladder augmentation.

inability to empty the bladder by spontaneous voiding.

prepubertal age.

neurogenic bladder dysfunction.

bladder exstrophy or epispadias.