cloacal anomalies.

posterior urethral valves.

prune-belly syndrome.

bladder exstrophy or epispadias.

spinal dysraphism.

Goodwin’s description of ileal reconfiguration.

development of several effective means to increase bladder outlet resistance.

Lapides’ introduction of clean intermittent catheterization (CIC).

recognition that a dilated ureter could be used for bladder augmentation.

Mitrofanoff’s description of a continent abdominal wall stoma using appendix.

subepithelial matrix bridges associated with collagen.

ample collagen type II.

hypertrophic bladder bundles interspersed with collagen.

inverse relationship of bladder volume and bladder pressure.

bladder unfolding, elasticity, and viscoelasticity.

40 cm H2O.

60 cm H2O.

20 cm H2O.

50 cm H2O.

30 cm H2O.

autoaugmentation.

sigmoid augmentation.

gastric augmentation.

pharmacologic management and intermittent catheterization.

ileal augmentation.

cooled saline at a fast fill rate (30% of capacity per minute).

body temperature saline at a fast fill rate (30% of capacity per minute).

room temperature saline at a slow fill rate (10% of capacity per minute).

carbon dioxide as an irrigant at a slow fill rate (10% of capacity per minute).

cooled saline at a slow fill rate (10% of capacity per minute).

documentation of a serum creatinine value less than 1.4 mg/dL.

identification of a highly compliant bladder.

confirmation of a normal upper urinary tract.

documentation of the presence or absence of vesicoureteral reflux.

acceptance and compliance with intermittent catheterization.

ureterocystoplasty.

all of the above.

ileocystoplasty.

sigmoid cystoplasty.

gastrocystoplasty.

mobilization of the crossing ureter with periureteral tissue.

wide anastomosis of the crossing ureter to the posteromedial aspect of the recipient.

mobilization of the recipient ureter to meet the crossing one.

watertight anastomosis.

mobilization of the crossing ureter without angulation beneath the inferior mesenteric artery.

sigmoid colon.

stomach.

transverse colon.

ileum.

cecum.

can achieve successful continence results similar to those noted in children with bladder exstrophy.

limits the necessity for intermittent catheterization in children who could empty by a Valsalva maneuver preoperatively.

is best performed in association with a Silastic sling.

does not often require bladder augmentation or intermittent catheterization.

results in limited success because of a lack of muscle tone and activity of the native bladder neck.

artificial urinary sphincter placement.

Pippi-Salle bladder neck repair.

Young-Dees-Leadbetter bladder neck repair.

Kropp bladder neck repair.

fascial bladder neck sling placement.

unmasking of detrusor hostility, resulting in upper urinary tract changes.

associated need for augmentation cystoplasty.

inability to spontaneously void.

recurrent urolithiasis.

recurrent cystitis.

frequently result in urethral erosion.

are dependent on the configuration of the sling and wrap used.

are more effective in girls than in boys.

rarely result in the need for bladder augmentation and intermittent catheterization.

are dependent on the type of fascial or cadaveric tissue used.

neurogenic bladder dysfunction.

inability to empty the bladder by spontaneous voiding.

prepubertal age.

associated need for bladder augmentation.

bladder exstrophy or epispadias.