Biological and Cognitive Psychology: Sensory Systems One - Vision Pain and Touch

biological-and-cognitive-psychology-sensory-systems-1-vision-pain-and-touch

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In the retina, _ cells are the innermost layer, closest to the back of the eyeball. All other neurons are stacked in layers on top of them, and the light has to pass through them. When light reaches these cells, a chain of processes starts that results in the generation of action potentials in the _ _ cells, which are a type of neuron found in the retina.

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The axons of the retinal ganglion cells leave the eye in one bundle. This bundle is the _ nerve. Where it leaves the eye we get a gap in the receptor layer, which is the blind spot. However, we are usually not aware of the blind spot, because the eye is constantly moving and the visual system will fill in the missing information from receptors that surround the blind spot. The _ is a small area in the centre of the retina with a diameter of about _ millimeters It is the part of the retina specialised for high-acuity vision.

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_ are most abundant in the periphery of the retina and respond best to faint light. They outnumber _ by 20:1. Many converge to one _ cell. _ can primarily be found in the fovea, but are also abundant around the fovea. They respond best to bright light and are essential for colour vision. For those in the fovea, each one is associated with one _ cell, but others are also characterised by a generally low convergence.

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Rods and cones contain chemicals called _. When struck by light these release energy. The energy release activates _ _. These are chemicals that carry messages to several areas within the neuron. In the case of rods and cones, they _ the activity of the receptor cell, which initiates the other neurons including the ganglion cells to the brain.

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The retina-geniculate-striate pathway conducts signals from each retina to the _ _ _ via the lateral geniculate nuclei of the thalamus. About _% of the axons of the ganglion cells are part of the retina-geniculate-striate pathway. Over the pathway, signals from the left visual field reach the right visual cortex and vice versa. Axons originating from the nasal part of the retinas cross in the _ _. Those axons that originate in the temporal part of the retinas do not cross.

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After the optic chiasm, visual signals go through the _, or, to be more precise, the _ _ _, and then to the _ _ _, also called the _ _. The lower part corresponds to the upper part of the visual field. The nasal hemifield corresponds to the _, whereas the lateral hemifield corresponds to the _.

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The visual pathway is _, meaning that each level of the system is organized like the retina. That is, two stimuli presented to adjacent areas of the retina excite adjacent neurons at all levels of the system.

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One mechanism by which the visual system heightens contrast is _ _ within the retina. Excited cells _ their neighbouring cells. Therefore, the highest activity is in cells towards the outside of the area of light that do not have excited neighbours. The lowest activity is for those just outside of this are that only get _. The contrast information that leaves the retina in terms of action potentials is heightend.

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The constant movement that our eyes make are called _, and we perform three of them every second. These are critical for a high-acuity, wide-angled, coloured perception. Without eye movements the retinal images would disappear after a few seconds because the neurons in the visual system respond to _ rather than _ _. Despite the constant movement of our eyes we perceive our environment as stable because the visual system _ integrates the information collected during each movement. This means that the visual system fills the gap in the incoming information with information from previous movements. This is also the reason why the world does not vanish when we blink.

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For humans, wavelengths between _ and _ nanometers are visible, which corresponds from violet to red.

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Component processing/trichromatic theory: there are three different types of _. The photopigment in each makes it particularly responsive to short/medium/long _. The perceived colour depends on the _ activity of the three types.

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Opponent processing: neurons respond in _ directions to complementary colours (red-green, blue-yellow, black-white) at all levels of the visual pathway except for the receptors. This explains why complementary colours cannot exist together (i.e. there is no bluish-yellow or reddish-green).

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Colour blindness results from a deficiency or absence of _ responsive to a certain wavelength. Most colour deficiencies are _ or _ deficiencies. The gene for colour blindness is _-_. For whites of European origin, the incidence of colour blindness is about 8 percent for males and 1 percent for women. The incidence is lower for Asians and Native Americans and lowest of all for blacks. Colour vision deficiency can be tested with the _ colour test, which consists of a number of coloured pictures showing numbers.

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Our perception of colour does not only depend on the wavelength of light that reaches our retina. We use context to interpret what we think colour should be (_-_ _). We also use brightness constancy, as well as size and shape constancy.

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The primary visual cortex does the first stage of visual processing. It receives input from the _. The secondary and association visual cortex are each composed of different areas. Areas areas are specialised for a particular type of visual analysis (e.g. colour, motion, shape). There are many interconnecting pathways and pathways back to the primary visual cortex.

Biological and Cognitive Psychology: Sensory Systems One - Vision Pain and Touch

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After the optic chiasm, visual signals go through the _, or, to be more precise, the _ _ _, and then to the _ _ _, also called the _ _. The lower part corresponds to the upper part of the visual field. The nasal hemifield corresponds to the _, whereas the lateral hemifield corresponds to the _.

填寫空白

(0/0)

The visual pathway is _, meaning that each level of the system is organized like the retina. That is, two stimuli presented to adjacent areas of the retina excite adjacent neurons at all levels of the system.

填寫空白

(0/0)

填寫空白

(0/0)

填寫空白

(0/0)

For humans, wavelengths between _ and _ nanometers are visible, which corresponds from violet to red.

填寫空白

(0/0)

Component processing/trichromatic theory: there are three different types of _. The photopigment in each makes it particularly responsive to short/medium/long _. The perceived colour depends on the _ activity of the three types.

填寫空白

(0/0)

Opponent processing: neurons respond in _ directions to complementary colours (red-green, blue-yellow, black-white) at all levels of the visual pathway except for the receptors. This explains why complementary colours cannot exist together (i.e. there is no bluish-yellow or reddish-green).

填寫空白

(0/0)

填寫空白

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Our perception of colour does not only depend on the wavelength of light that reaches our retina. We use context to interpret what we think colour should be (_-_ _). We also use brightness constancy, as well as size and shape constancy.

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