Sodium and carbohydrates

Calcium

Saturated fats and cholesterol

Protein

Potassium and magnesium

Ultrasonography

Plain radiograph (kidney-ureter-bladder [KUB])

Intravenous pyelography (IVP)

Computed tomography (CT) scan

Retrograde pyelogram

plan for an endourologic procedure, because, given the size of the stone, it will most likely not pass.

that no further interventions will be needed, because the stone has most likely passed.

a trial of oral therapies, such as α blockers and steroids to facilitate stone passage.

a trial of oral therapy with a calcium channel blocker to facilitate stone passage.

observation, because the stone will most likely pass in 6 weeks.

ureteral stenting and ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy 6 weeks later.

ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy.

shock wave lithotripsy (SWL).

open pyelolithotomy.

percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

(c) an infundibulopelvic angle greater than 45 degrees.

a, b, and c

(b) sizeable infundibular length.

(a) high stone burdens (i.e., 2-cm calcium oxalate monohydrate stone).

(d) staghorn calculi.

(b) ureteral avulsion.

a and b

(c) hypertension.

all of the above.

(a) hypothermia and hyponatremia.

percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL).

ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy and stone basketing.

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL).

medical therapy with potassium citrate and Thiola.

anatrophic nephrolithotomy.

ammonium acid urate.

uric acid.

calcium oxalate dehydrate.

struvite.

calcium oxalate monohydrate.