Urethral meatus

Bulbomembranous urethra

Pendulous urethra

Prostatic urethra

Fossa navicularis

Prognosis depends on histologic cell type.

Conservative surgical therapy is not effective.

Biopsy most commonly demonstrates transitional cell carcinoma.

Penectomy is usually indicated for tumors infiltrating the corpus spongiosum.

Prognosis is worse than for bulbomembranous urethral cancer.

Removal of the fossa navicularis and urethral meatus

Bilateral groin dissections

Cauterization of the urethral bed

Total penectomy

Intraoperative ultrasound imaging

Urethrectomy with conversion to a continent cutaneous diversion may be possible in some patients.

It seems to occur more frequently than after cutaneous diversion.

Urethrectomy and cutaneous diversion can often be done using bowel tissue from the existing neobladder.

Surveillance consists of urine cytology and symptom assessment.

Some patients with carcinoma in situ may be successfully treated with urethral infusion of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG).

leukoplakia.

proliferative lesions such as caruncles.

human papillomavirus infection.

childhood urinary tract infections.

chronic irritation or urinary tract infections.

Transitional cell carcinoma

Melanoma

Adenocarcinoma

Lymphoma

Squamous cell carcinoma

Hematuria

Histologic type of the tumor

Urinary retention

Anatomic location and extent of the tumor

Age at presentation

as neoadjuvant therapy before excision of locally advanced proximal urethral cancer.

at controlling distant metastatic disease.

as a single modality for proximal invasive tumors.

at controlling small lesions in the distal urethra.

when used in conjunction with chemotherapy for low-stage distal urethral tumors.