Sodium and carbohydrates

Protein

Saturated fats and cholesterol

Potassium and magnesium

Calcium

Ultrasonography

Intravenous pyelography (IVP)

Computed tomography (CT) scan

Retrograde pyelogram

Plain radiograph (kidney-ureter-bladder [KUB])

observation, because the stone will most likely pass in 6 weeks.

a trial of oral therapy with a calcium channel blocker to facilitate stone passage.

a trial of oral therapies, such as α blockers and steroids to facilitate stone passage.

that no further interventions will be needed, because the stone has most likely passed.

plan for an endourologic procedure, because, given the size of the stone, it will most likely not pass.

shock wave lithotripsy (SWL).

open pyelolithotomy.

ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy.

ureteral stenting and ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy 6 weeks later.

percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

(b) sizeable infundibular length.

(c) an infundibulopelvic angle greater than 45 degrees.

(d) staghorn calculi.

a, b, and c

(a) high stone burdens (i.e., 2-cm calcium oxalate monohydrate stone).

(c) hypertension.

(b) ureteral avulsion.

a and b

(a) hypothermia and hyponatremia.

all of the above.

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL).

ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy and stone basketing.

anatrophic nephrolithotomy.

percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL).

medical therapy with potassium citrate and Thiola.

ammonium acid urate.

struvite.

calcium oxalate monohydrate.

calcium oxalate dehydrate.

uric acid.