Justice

Justice - what is a fair distribution of costs and benefits? Fundamentally concerned with each and every person what they deserve. Central to this theory is the idea of equity

Protect individuals from bearing a disproportionate amount of costs of development

Equity - what do we mean by equity and how do we measure it? Gasper 'more equity need not imply more equality' Earned more or need more

Equity regarding what? Distributive equity - about interpersonal or inter group allocation of costs and benefits. Central concern for distributive justice. Procedural equity - concerns fairness in procedures used (eg in law)

William Blanchard Types of equity - 8 Gasper example of the original criteria used in Zim for rural settlement - 1980

What is considered fair - strongly linked to past, present and future. Many different interpretations of how to measure this fairness.

Zim rural settlement criteria

Rawls and social contracts - concerned what a just society would look like and how it would order itself

He asks us to imagine that we do not know our place in society. This he calls the original position. An imaginary state of ignorance. Then he argues we should organise society around 2 basic principles

Rawls argues that anyone in the original position would rationally opt for a social order where the least advantaged members of society would be helped to have their basic needs met by those more fortunate than themselves

Rawls' theory is not for a global situation but within a society. Where that state has the power and ability to influence citizens through taxes and laws to address inequality. No such power globally. It is also necessarily anthropocentric.

Environmental Justice - a key issue in terms of SD policy

Warren County North Carolina - birth place of a national movement for environmental justice

DesJardins Toxic waste dumps, landfills, incinerators, polluting industries tend to be located in or near poor communities. Often have high concentrations of racial minorities. Also at international level. Less polluting controls in some countries