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The Behaviourist Approach: What was the process inside a Skinner box?

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The rat continues to press the lever whenever it requires food
The Rat accidentally presses the lever
The rat begins to learn that pressing the lever produces food
The first food pellet is released
The Rat moves around the cage

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Social Learning Theory: What is meant by identification?

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Explicação

An individual must feel similar to their model in order to imitate their behaviour.

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The DNA profile of an individual

How an individual relates to their model, a feeling of similarity.

How an individual is perceived by others

A person's sense of self worth

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Social Learning Theory: What does the term modelling mean?

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Conditioning yourself, in order to achieve a perceived sense of perfection

The manipulation of the brain by a psychologist

Suppressing memories in order to remain in good mental health

A role model, which someone observes the behaviour of and then copies

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The Behaviourist Approach: Which of these are limitations of operant conditioning and classical conditioning?

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Seligman (1970) suggested that animals have a natural preparedness to learn which revolves around survival needs.

Humans have freewill, so behave differently to animals.

Experiments, such as Skinner's, involved animals, so it is difficult to compare to humans.

Studies have proven that humans have freewill, along with a few groups of animals

Animals were harmed during experiments, so ethical issues were raised

Behaviourists are accused of ignoring emotion and cognition.

Different species have different capacities to learn, so relationships between learning are difficult to establish.

Skinner himself admitted that he had little faith in his results

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Social Learning Theory: State whether each point is a strength or weakness of the social learning theory

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Social learning theory has useful applications, especially in criminal behaviour. Akers (1998) suggested that the probability of someone performing criminal activities increases when they are exposed to that behaviour.

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Siegal a d McCormick (2006) suggest that young people who posses deviant attitudes and values seek out peers with similar values, rather than having modelled that behaviour after become associated with their peer group

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It can be suggested that rather than individuals modelling others of the same gender more easily, they may have actually been encouraged during childhood to imitate certain groups of people. Essentially, SLT may disregard other potential influences

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Fox and Bailenson (2009) found that imitation occurred more easily due to similarities between models and observers

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The Cognitive Approach: Fill in the blank

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A cognitive framework that helps organise and interpret information in the brain.

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Social Learning Theory: Match the word to it's statement.

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Vicarious reinforcement
The role of mediation processes
The bobo doll

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Bandura (1986) claimed that the observer must form a mental representation of what their model has done, and mediate between the consequences of that
Bandura and Walters (1963) stated that if an individual's model was punished for their behaviour then they would be less likely to imitate.
Bandura et al (1961) study upon the social learning between groups of aggressive and non-aggressive children after they had observed a role-model

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The Cognitive Approach: Fill in the blanks

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Words: | solve problems | theories | indirectly | important information | store | inferring |

The cognitive approach studies information processing, i.e. ways in which we extract,

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and retrieve information that helps us to guide our behaviour.

Many different kinds of mental processes contribute to information processing. These include selecting

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using the important information to

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storing it in memory and retrieving it when needed.

The cognitive approach recognises that these mental processes cannot be studied directly but must be studied

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by

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what goes on as result of measuring behaviour.

This enables cognitive psychologists to develop

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about the mental processes that led to observed behaviour.

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The Behaviourist Approach: Match the different types of reinforcement and punishment to their meaning.

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Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Positive Punishment
Negative Punishment

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Behaviour adds a consequence that is negative
Behaviour removes a consequence that was positive
Behaviour produces a consequence that is satisfying for the organism.
Behaviour removes a consequence that was negative

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Social Learning Theory: Order the procedures of the Bandura (1961) study

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Explicação

In a follow up to this study, it was found that if the aggressive model was rewarded then their behaviour was even more likely to be immitated

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Children who observed the aggressive role model produced behaviour that resembled the behaviour of their model. Children who observed the non-aggressive role model displayed no aggressive behaviour
Children were grouped into aggressive and non-aggressive catergories
An aggressive role model played roughly with the bobo doll, and used negative language towards it. A non-aggressive role model played with the bobo doll and used positive language
An individual child observed either an aggressive or non-aggressive model

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The Behaviourist Approach: Which of these are strengths of classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

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Operant conditioning relied on experimental method. This used controlled conditions which more easily showed cause and effect relationships.

Classical conditioning is supported by the biological approach, which states that individuals learn due to their environment.

Operant conditioning uses it's evidence to show how aggression is developed in children.

Classical conditioning led to the development of treatments for the reduction of anxiety disorders, such as systematic desensitization.

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The Behaviourist Approach: What are the basic principles for operant conditioning?

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Chemicals produced by the neurological system produce behaviours

All organisms produce different behaviours

Organisms have a susceptibility to learn due to DNA

Repetition of behaviour depends on consequences

Only humans behave due to consequences

The consequences of behaviour may be positive or negative

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The Cognitive Approach: What is the definition of the cognitive approach?

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The importance of mental processing.

The focus upon how impulses carry information across the brain.

Processing models involved in the processing of information in the brain.

A focus upon how individuals think, perceive and store information.

System of a hierarchy in which individuals direct needs.

The learning of individuals by observation.

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The Behaviourist Approach: Who is the main theorist behind operant conditioning?

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Social Learning Theory: Who was the main figure of the social learning theory?

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