headaches

colitis

allergic reactions

nausea

Gram negative bacteria have a thick lipopolysaccharide layer

Gram positive bacteria have a thinner cell wall

Gram positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer

they have more permeable cell walls than gram negative bacteria

inhibit protein synthesis

damage DNA

inhibit cell wall synthesis

inhibit DNA synthesis

minocycline

gentamicin

sulfonamides

tobramycin

penicillin-inhibition of cell wall

minocycline-inhibition of protein synthesis

moxifloxacin-inhibition of protein synthesis

azithromycin-inhibition of protein synthesis

chloramphenicol

penicillin

TMS

doxycycline

TMS

tigecycline

ciprofloxacin

clarithromycin

fungi are more similar to the host which makes them more difficult to target and leads to unwanted adverse effects

anti-bacterials are generally more well tolerated and can also be used to treat fungai infections

bacteria have an intact cell wall which can be targeted, whereas fungi do not possess a cell wall

fungai infections often require fungicidal drugs and bacterial infections can usually be managed with bacteriostatic agents

acyclovir

raltegravir

maraviroc

amantadine

it has a very short half life and therefore has to be given continuously via IV in higher doses

it is poorly metabolized by the liver when taken orally

it inhibits cytochrome P450 enzymes responsible for its own metabolism

it also binds cholesterol in the plasma membrane of host cells