in a situation where family studies including twin studies provide limited evidence of transmission, but where there is clear evidence of an association with specific alleles, a potential explanation is that genetic factors are making carriers of those alleles susceptible to developing the disease when other factors are present e.g environmental triggers.

oh thats alright then

it was first proposed that queen victoria carried the haemophilia mutation when two of her daughters were found to have the condition

deletion, inversion, and translocation can all result from a break in the chromosome being triggered by free radical attack on the backbone of the DNA molecule

monosomy and trisomy are both forms of aneuploidy

non-disjunction can result in rearrangement of material within or between chromosomes

if fertilised by a normal gamete, the resulting zygote would be unable to develop into a viable human

if fertilised by a normal gamete, the resulting zygote would be able to develop into a viable human

if fertilised by a normal gamete, the resulting zygote would demonstrate gandu flex

if fertilised by a normal gamete, the resulting zygote would demonstrate polyploidy.

this type of mutation could cause problems during cross over in meiosis

this type of mutation is described as a translocation

if a gamete containing mutant C14 and normal C21 was fertilised by a normal gamete, the resulting offspring would essentially be normal.

if a gamete containing mutant C16 and normal C28 was fertilised by a normal gamete, the resulting offspring would essentially be normal.

reactive oxygen species (ROS) are defined as very reactive oxidants that contain oxygen

species with unpaired electrons can arise as intermediates during chemical reactions, but if they only exist under these circumstances they are not classed as free radicals

"oxidant" is the best term to use when describing substances that can cause oxidant that contain oxidative damage

in the type of reaction they are most likely to take part in, there is no means whereby their unpaired electron can become paired up

they have an unpaired electron

the administration of drugs to treat an illness can lead to an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)

the administration of drugs to treat an illness can lead to an increase in the production of reactive co2 species (ROS)

"oxidant" is the best term to use when describing substances that can cause oxidative damage

species with unpaired electrons can arise as intermediates during chemical reactions, but if they only exist under these circumstances they are not classed as free radicals

reactive oxygen species (ROS)

the iron transport protein, transferrin, plays an important role in preventing iron from reacting with ROS

the interaction of iron with ROS leads to a net increase in the number of ROS present

the membrane may become fragile

the phosphoglycerides (phospholipids) that make up the membrane may pack better

the membrane may contain mulli

the rate of transport of ions across the membrane may be alterned

the metabolic processes that are used to handle xenobiotics may have evolved as a means of dealing with endogenous waste products

the aim of xenobiotic metabolic is detoxification