Monteggia fracture - dislocations comprise of a fracture of the ulna shaft and dislocation of the radial head.

Galeazzi Fracture - Fracture of the radius with shortening and dislocation of the distal ulna

Bennett’s = intra-articular # base of thumb metacarpal and proximal, radial and dorsal displacement of distal fragment

Monteggia = # proximal third ulna and dislocation of radial head

C2 and C3 are the most commonly injured vertebra.

Hangman’s # is a hyperextension injury

Anterior wedge # is usually mechanically stable

Anterior tear-drop # is nearly always mechanically unstable

Tears in the meniscus can occur when twisting, cutting, pivoting, or being tackled.

Lateral plateau fractures are associated with ACL and MCL disruption

Medial tibial plateau fractures are twice as common as lateral fractures

Fracture types I, II and III involve the medial tibial plateau with increasing

Post interosseous nerve injury is common with Monteggia fracture

X-rays in Galeazzi injury shows a radial fracture with dorsolateral tilt

Median nerve palsy is common in Colles fracture

Radial neck fractures with up to 30 degrees tilt can be managed

Galeazzi fractures require fixation of the related joint disruption in most cases as well as ORIF of the bone fracture

Bartons fracture involves the distal radio-ulnar joint

Monteggia fracture dislocation involves fracture of the radius proximally and distal radio-ulnar joint disruption

Monteggia fracture requires POP application in supination

25 % of supra-condylar #’s are undisplaced and is the most common # involving the elbow in children

On the lateral XR of the elbow, the radio-capitellar line should intersect the middle 1/3 of the capitellum

‘Fat pad’ sign is helpful for diagnosing occult #’s outside the elbow joint capsule

Volkmann’s ischaemic contracture of the fore-arm and hand may develop despite wrist pulses being present and the forearm skin being well perfused

Inner 1/3.

Junction of inner 1/3 and middle 1/3.

Junction of middle 1/3 and outer 1/3.

Proximal end

Are associated with thoracic injury in 80% of cases.

Possible injury to suprascapular nerve

Commonly in scapula body

Commonly managed operatively.

Elderly patients with a lateral tibial plateau fracture usually require a bone

Popliteal artery is relatively protected from injury due to it’s anatomical

Usually a varus force with axial loading will produce a lateral condylar

A Segond fracture is a marker of collateral ligament injury and ACL