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Topic 6 - DNA

topic-6-dna

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Where are STRs often located?

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What determines the size of fragments?

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What is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for?

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What is a DNA primer?

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Order the process of the polymerase chain reaction.

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DNA polymerases attach and replication occurs from each primer.
Millions of STR fragments are produced and can be separated out by gel electrophoresis.
DNA polymerase, DNA primers with fluorescent markers and nucleotides are added to the reaction tube.
Primers attach at the start of each STR sequence.
Primers with fluorescent markers bind at start of STR (using complimentary base pairing).
DNA polymerase attaches. Nucleotides are added, extending DNA from the primer. STR and adjacent DNA is replicated.
A sample cell is treated with detergent to lyse cell and release DNA.
In each cycle that follows the process is repeated producing copies that are just the STR sequence fragment.
The DNA strands separate.
DNA separates into 2 strands.

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Match the process in the PCR to the temperature used at that stage.

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1. DNA strands separate
2. Primers bind
3. Polymerase binds and nucleotides added
4. DNA strands separate again
5. Primers attach at start of STR
6. Polymerase binds and replication occurs

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95 degrees celsius
70 degrees celsius
55 degrees celsius
55 degrees celsius
70 degrees celsius
95 degrees celsius

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Why does the polymerase not denature at 95 degrees celsius?

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What feature of a DNA molecule ensures accurate replication of strands?

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In what way does the amount of DNA molecules increase?

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Order the process of DNA profiling

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This membrane is placed in a bag with DNA probe. Single stranded DNA probe binds to fragments with a complementary sequence.
Negatively charged DNA moves towards the positive electrode at the other end of tank. Fragments separate into invisible bands. This process is called gel electrophoresis.
DNA is transferred to a nylon membrane by solution drawn up through the gel. DNA double strands split and stick to the membrane. This is known as southern blotting.
Fragments of double stranded DNA are loaded into wells of agarose gel in a tank.
If DNA probe is radioactive, X-ray film is used to detect fragments. If probe is fluorescent it is viewed using UV light.
Double stranded DNA are fragmented by restriction enzymes.

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How does heat cause DNA strands to separate?

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If T = number of DNA molecules, C = number of PCR cycles and N = original number of molecules how could you show the number of DNA molecules produced in PCR?

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Which statements about DNA polymerase are true and false?

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DNA polymerase is required in the PCR
DNA polymerase is required in DNA replication in living organisms.
DNA polymerase is required in transcription of DNA in living organisms.

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True
False
True

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Which statements about DNA strands are true or false?

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DNA strands are separated in PCR
DNA strands are separated in DNA replication of living organisms
DNA strands are separated in transcription in living organisms

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True
True
True

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In which processes are ribosomes required?

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