0 [{"id":629772,"quiz_id":"29907","answer_id":null,"answerType_id":"0","created_at":"2018-11-27 13:09:31","updated_at":"2018-11-30 15:01:02","questionName":"Which of these is a direct ligand-gated channel?","questionTimeSeconds":"0","questionTimeMinutes":"2","questionImagePath":null,"position":6,"explanation":"Direct ligand-gated channel\r\n\r\n\u2022\tReceptor changes shape and acts as a channel to let specific molecules through\r\n\u2022\tMay be by facilitated diffusion or active transport\r\n\u2022\tChannels may be uniporters, symporters, or antiporters\r\n\u2022\tUsually by ATPase\r\no\tNicotinic acetylcholine\r\no\tGABA receptors\r\no\tNeurotransmitters\r\n\r\nThe others are all examples of G-protein coupled receptors","question_score_id":null,"lang":"","questionAudioPath":null},{"id":629760,"quiz_id":"29907","answer_id":null,"answerType_id":"0","created_at":"2018-11-27 12:55:15","updated_at":"2018-11-30 15:01:02","questionName":"Cell secretes a substance that acts directly on a neighbouring cell - what is this a description of?","questionTimeSeconds":"0","questionTimeMinutes":"2","questionImagePath":null,"position":0,"explanation":"","question_score_id":null,"lang":"","questionAudioPath":null},{"id":630548,"quiz_id":"29907","answer_id":null,"answerType_id":"0","created_at":"2018-11-28 09:58:56","updated_at":"2018-11-30 15:01:02","questionName":"Which one of these statements is incorrect regarding oncogenes?","questionTimeSeconds":"0","questionTimeMinutes":"2","questionImagePath":null,"position":9,"explanation":"\u2022\tOncogenes:\r\no\tMutated proto-oncogenes\r\no\tPromote proliferation (being over-activated, or insensitive to inactivation)\r\no\tEncode GFs, GF receptors, signal transducers, TFs etc.\r\no\tGAIN OF FUNCTION \u2013 only one copy needed (dominant)","question_score_id":null,"lang":"","questionAudioPath":null},{"id":630546,"quiz_id":"29907","answer_id":null,"answerType_id":"0","created_at":"2018-11-28 09:51:52","updated_at":"2018-11-30 15:01:02","questionName":"Which of the following cancers does smoking seem to be protective for?","questionTimeSeconds":"0","questionTimeMinutes":"2","questionImagePath":null,"position":7,"explanation":"","question_score_id":null,"lang":"","questionAudioPath":null},{"id":629770,"quiz_id":"29907","answer_id":null,"answerType_id":"2","created_at":"2018-11-27 13:02:39","updated_at":"2018-11-30 15:01:02","questionName":"Match these molecules to their correct category...","questionTimeSeconds":"0","questionTimeMinutes":"2","questionImagePath":null,"position":5,"explanation":"\u2022\tSecond messenger molecules transmit the signal into the cell\r\no\tSecond messengers can be\u2026\r\n\uf0a7\tIons \u2013 Ca2+\r\n\uf0a7\tLipid derivatives \u2013 DG, ceramide\r\n\uf0a7\tCarbohydrate derivatives \u2013 IP3\r\n\uf0a7\tNucleotides \u2013 cAMP, cGMP\r\n\uf0a7\tProteins \u2013 Ras, JAK, Raf","question_score_id":null,"lang":"","questionAudioPath":null},{"id":630549,"quiz_id":"29907","answer_id":null,"answerType_id":"0","created_at":"2018-11-28 10:03:13","updated_at":"2018-11-30 15:01:02","questionName":"Which of these states is INCORRECT regarding tumour suppressor genes?","questionTimeSeconds":"0","questionTimeMinutes":"2","questionImagePath":null,"position":10,"explanation":"\u2022\tTumour suppressor genes:\r\no\tMutation in cells that inhibit proliferation\r\no\tCan be cell cycle control genes, DNA repair genes, apoptosis promotion or telomerase regulation genes\r\no\tLOSS OF FUNCTION mutations \u2013 both copies needed, as the other one can make up for it (recessive)\r\n\uf0a7\tSo in sporadic cancers, both gene copies in the same cell must be lost by mutation\r\no\tIn inherited cancers\u2026\r\n\uf0a7\tone defective copy is inherited as a germline mutation (\u201cfirst hit\u201d)\r\n\uf0a7\tsecond becomes ineffective through somatic mutation (\u201csecond hit\u201d)","question_score_id":null,"lang":"","questionAudioPath":null},{"id":629764,"quiz_id":"29907","answer_id":null,"answerType_id":"0","created_at":"2018-11-27 12:57:59","updated_at":"2018-11-30 15:01:02","questionName":"Cell to cell linkage of plasma membrane attached proteins e.g. contact inhibition of cell growth (lost in cancer) - which term does this best describe?\r\n","questionTimeSeconds":"0","questionTimeMinutes":"2","questionImagePath":null,"position":3,"explanation":"","question_score_id":null,"lang":"","questionAudioPath":null},{"id":629762,"quiz_id":"29907","answer_id":null,"answerType_id":"0","created_at":"2018-11-27 12:56:30","updated_at":"2018-11-30 15:01:02","questionName":"Cell secretes a substance that acts on itself (stimulation or inhibition) - which term does this best describe?","questionTimeSeconds":"0","questionTimeMinutes":"2","questionImagePath":null,"position":1,"explanation":"","question_score_id":null,"lang":"","questionAudioPath":null},{"id":630556,"quiz_id":"29907","answer_id":null,"answerType_id":"2","created_at":"2018-11-28 10:19:03","updated_at":"2018-11-30 15:01:02","questionName":"Match the type of therapy with the correct corresponding pathway that cancer exploits...","questionTimeSeconds":"0","questionTimeMinutes":"2","questionImagePath":"volume-1\/stage-4-csim4-quiz-1\/Cancer targets.png","position":14,"explanation":"B= CDKI\r\nC = IAACM\r\nD= TI\r\nE= SAID\r\nF= IHCF\/c-Met","question_score_id":null,"lang":"","questionAudioPath":null},{"id":629785,"quiz_id":"29907","answer_id":null,"answerType_id":"0","created_at":"2018-11-27 13:24:02","updated_at":"2018-11-30 15:01:02","questionName":"A patient is diagnosed with nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (NSIAD) after investigations revealed euvolemic hyponatremia, plasma hypo-osmolality, and increased urinary osmolality. Which receptor is mutated for the gain of function and which amino acid is altered?","questionTimeSeconds":"0","questionTimeMinutes":"2","questionImagePath":null,"position":11,"explanation":"Vasopressin receptors (G-protein system)\r\n\u2022\tGene responsible is V2R\r\n\u2022\tIf you have a mutation that inactivates it, you can\u2019t respond to vasopressin\r\no\tCan\u2019t retain water\r\n\u2022\tIf you modify the 137th amino acid and GAIN function in the gene, the vasopressin receptor may be switched on all the time\r\no\tGet excessive water retention (nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis \u2013 NSIAD)","question_score_id":null,"lang":"","questionAudioPath":null},{"id":629768,"quiz_id":"29907","answer_id":null,"answerType_id":"0","created_at":"2018-11-27 13:01:09","updated_at":"2018-11-30 15:01:02","questionName":"What types of molecules are the following: Ca2+, DG, ceramide, IP3, cAMP, cGMP, Ras, JAK and REF?","questionTimeSeconds":"0","questionTimeMinutes":"2","questionImagePath":null,"position":4,"explanation":"","question_score_id":null,"lang":"","questionAudioPath":null},{"id":630553,"quiz_id":"29907","answer_id":null,"answerType_id":"0","created_at":"2018-11-28 10:07:49","updated_at":"2018-11-30 15:01:02","questionName":"In cancer growth there is a balance between cell gain and cell loss, as the cancer increases in size, it's growth rate slows (number of resting cells increases). What is the name for this type of growth?","questionTimeSeconds":"0","questionTimeMinutes":"2","questionImagePath":null,"position":12,"explanation":"Discovered by Benjamin Gompertz, a nineteenth-century actuary, the Gompertzian growth curve describes the complex pattern of tumor growth. The curve has an early, almost exponential growth rate followed by slower growth rate which reaches a plateau as tumors grow larger in size.","question_score_id":null,"lang":"","questionAudioPath":null},{"id":629763,"quiz_id":"29907","answer_id":null,"answerType_id":"0","created_at":"2018-11-27 12:57:54","updated_at":"2018-11-30 15:01:02","questionName":"Cell to cell linkage of plasma membrane attached proteins e.g. contact inhibition of cell growth (lost in cancer) - which term does this best describe?\r\n","questionTimeSeconds":"0","questionTimeMinutes":"2","questionImagePath":null,"position":2,"explanation":"","question_score_id":null,"lang":"","questionAudioPath":null},{"id":629779,"quiz_id":"29907","answer_id":null,"answerType_id":"0","created_at":"2018-11-27 13:17:11","updated_at":"2018-11-30 15:01:02","questionName":"What do EGFR1, HER2, Erb3 and VEGF all have in common?","questionTimeSeconds":"0","questionTimeMinutes":"2","questionImagePath":null,"position":8,"explanation":"","question_score_id":null,"lang":"","questionAudioPath":null},{"id":630554,"quiz_id":"29907","answer_id":null,"answerType_id":"2","created_at":"2018-11-28 10:10:52","updated_at":"2018-11-30 15:01:02","questionName":"Match the term to the correct answer...","questionTimeSeconds":"0","questionTimeMinutes":"2","questionImagePath":null,"position":13,"explanation":"o\tHypertrophy: increase in size of individual cells\r\no\tHyperplasia: increase in number of cells\r\no\tMetaplasia: replacement of one fully differentiated tissue by another\r\n\uf0a7\tUsually a response to persistent injury\r\n\uf0a7\tReverts to original cell type if source of injury is removed\r\no\tDysplasia: Pre-cancerous changes in architectural and cytological structures\r\no\tMAY revert to normal if source of injury is removed","question_score_id":null,"lang":"","questionAudioPath":null}]

block

Which of these is a direct ligand-gated channel?

Select the correct answer(s).  

(0/0)

Explanation

Direct ligand-gated channel • Receptor changes shape and acts as a channel to let specific molecules through • May be by facilitated diffusion or active transport • Channels may be uniporters, symporters, or antiporters • Usually by ATPase o Nicotinic acetylcholine o GABA receptors o Neurotransmitters The others are all examples of G-protein coupled receptors

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Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor

GABA receptor

Prostaglandin E2 receptors

Beta-adrenergic receptors

Rhodopsin

none

Cell secretes a substance that acts directly on a neighbouring cell - what is this a description of?

Select the correct answer(s).  

(0/0)

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Autocrine signalling

Endocrine signalling

Paracrine signalling

Intercellular signalling

Intracellular signalling

none

Which one of these statements is incorrect regarding oncogenes?

Select the correct answer(s).  

(0/0)

Explanation

• Oncogenes: o Mutated proto-oncogenes o Promote proliferation (being over-activated, or insensitive to inactivation) o Encode GFs, GF receptors, signal transducers, TFs etc. o GAIN OF FUNCTION – only one copy needed (dominant)

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They are mutated proto-oncogenes

Only one copy needs to be mutated (dominant)

Both copies need to be mutated (recessive)

The promote cell survival or proliferation

There is a gain of function when mutated

none

Which of the following cancers does smoking seem to be protective for?

Select the correct answer(s).  

(0/0)

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Bladder cancer

Colorectal cancer

Breast cancer

Cervical cancer

Endometrial cancer

none

Match these molecules to their correct category...

Match the text (click and drag)   

(0/0)

Check Order Of Answers

Explanation

• Second messenger molecules transmit the signal into the cell o Second messengers can be…  Ions – Ca2+  Lipid derivatives – DG, ceramide  Carbohydrate derivatives – IP3  Nucleotides – cAMP, cGMP  Proteins – Ras, JAK, Raf

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Match the text
Ion
Lipid derivates
Carbohydrate derivates
Nucleotides
Proteins

Click and drag
DG, ceramide
Ca2+
IP3
cAMP, cGMP
Ras, JAK, Raf

Check Order of Answers

none

Which of these states is INCORRECT regarding tumour suppressor genes?

Select the correct answer(s).  

(0/0)

Explanation

• Tumour suppressor genes: o Mutation in cells that inhibit proliferation o Can be cell cycle control genes, DNA repair genes, apoptosis promotion or telomerase regulation genes o LOSS OF FUNCTION mutations – both copies needed, as the other one can make up for it (recessive)  So in sporadic cancers, both gene copies in the same cell must be lost by mutation o In inherited cancers…  one defective copy is inherited as a germline mutation (“first hit”)  second becomes ineffective through somatic mutation (“second hit”)

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When a mutation occurs is results in a loss of function

Normal function is to inhibit cell survival or proliferation

Mutations arise by deletion, point mutation, methylation

Mutations arise by point mutation, chromosomal translocation, amplification

Mutations are genetically recessive

none

Cell to cell linkage of plasma membrane attached proteins e.g. contact inhibition of cell growth (lost in cancer) - which term does this best describe?

Select the correct answer(s).  

(0/0)

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Paracrine signalling

Endocrine signalling

Autocrine signalling

Juxtacrine signalling

Intracellular signalling

none

Cell secretes a substance that acts on itself (stimulation or inhibition) - which term does this best describe?

Select the correct answer(s).  

(0/0)

---

Intracellular signalling

Endocrine signalling

Paracrine signalling

Autocrine signalling

Extracellular signalling

none

Match the type of therapy with the correct corresponding pathway that cancer exploits...

Match the text (click and drag)   

(0/0)

Check Order Of Answers

Explanation

B= CDKI C = IAACM D= TI E= SAID F= IHCF/c-Met

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Match the text
B
C
D
E
F

Click and drag
Telomerase inhibitors
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors
Selective anti-inflammatory drugs
Inhibitors of HCG/c-Met
Immune activating anti-CTLA4 mAb

Check Order of Answers

none

A patient is diagnosed with nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (NSIAD) after investigations revealed euvolemic hyponatremia, plasma hypo-osmolality, and increased urinary osmolality. Which receptor is mutated for the gain of function and which amino acid is altered?

Select the correct answer(s).  

(0/0)

Explanation

Vasopressin receptors (G-protein system) • Gene responsible is V2R • If you have a mutation that inactivates it, you can’t respond to vasopressin o Can’t retain water • If you modify the 137th amino acid and GAIN function in the gene, the vasopressin receptor may be switched on all the time o Get excessive water retention (nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis – NSIAD)

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V1R & 93rd

V1R & 145th

V2R & 120th

V2R & 117th

V2R & 137th

none

What types of molecules are the following: Ca2+, DG, ceramide, IP3, cAMP, cGMP, Ras, JAK and REF?

Select the correct answer(s).  

(0/0)

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Second messenger molecules

Third messenger molecules

Forth messenger molecules

Fifth messenger molecules

First messenger molecules

none

In cancer growth there is a balance between cell gain and cell loss, as the cancer increases in size, it's growth rate slows (number of resting cells increases). What is the name for this type of growth?

Select the correct answer(s).  

(0/0)

Explanation

Discovered by Benjamin Gompertz, a nineteenth-century actuary, the Gompertzian growth curve describes the complex pattern of tumor growth. The curve has an early, almost exponential growth rate followed by slower growth rate which reaches a plateau as tumors grow larger in size.

---

Exponential

Logarithmic

Gompertzian

Bell curve distributional

Restrictive

none

Cell to cell linkage of plasma membrane attached proteins e.g. contact inhibition of cell growth (lost in cancer) - which term does this best describe?

Select the correct answer(s).  

(0/0)

---

Autocrine signalling

Endocrine signalling

Intracellular signalling

Juxtacrine signalling

Paracrine signalling

none

What do EGFR1, HER2, Erb3 and VEGF all have in common?

Select the correct answer(s).  

(0/0)

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Types of direct ligand gate channels

Types of hormones

Forms of intracellular receptors

Types of tyrosine kinase linked receptors

Types of G-protein couple receptors

none

Match the term to the correct answer...

Match the text (click and drag)   

(0/0)

Check Order Of Answers

Explanation

o Hypertrophy: increase in size of individual cells o Hyperplasia: increase in number of cells o Metaplasia: replacement of one fully differentiated tissue by another  Usually a response to persistent injury  Reverts to original cell type if source of injury is removed o Dysplasia: Pre-cancerous changes in architectural and cytological structures o MAY revert to normal if source of injury is removed

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Match the text
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
Neoplasia

Click and drag
Increase in number of cells
Increase in size of individual cells
The presence or formation of new, abnormal growth of tissue
Replacement of one fully differentiated tissue by another
Pre-cancerous changes in architectural and cytological structures

Check Order of Answers