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Section 2 - Cells

section-2-cells

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What are the two stages of cell fractionation?

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What is homogenation?

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How does ultracentrifugation work?

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Spun at a faster speed
Supernatant removed again
Tube of filtrate placed in centrifuge and spun at low speed
Heaviest organelles are forced to the bottom where they form a sediment or pellet
Supernatant transferred to another tube
Supernatant (lighter organelles) are removed

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How do electron microscopes work?

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What is the resolution of a transmission electron microscope?

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What is the resolution for a scanning electron microscope?

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How is magnification calculated?

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What type of cell is this?

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What type of cell is this?

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What are the jobs of each of these organelles?

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Nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Nuclear pores
Cell Wall
Mitochondria
Matrix
Cristae
Cell-surface membrane
Chloroplasts
Chloroplast envelope
Grana
Stroma
Rough endplasmic reticulum
Lysosomes
Ribosomes
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Cell vacuole
Golgi apparatus

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Produce secretory enzymes, secrete carbohydrates, transport and modify lipids
Double membrane surrounding chloroplasts
Contains DNA and controls cell activity
Site for photosynthesis
Allows the passage of large molecules such as RNA out of the nucleus
Surrounds cells and forms boundary between cell's cytoplasm and outside environment
fluid filled sace bounded by a single membrane, makes cell turgid
Controls entry and exit of materials of the nucleus
Contains Lysozomes, digests work out organelles and breaks down cells after they die
Ribosomes present on the outer surface, acts as a pathway for transport of materials
Site of aerobic respiration
Synthesise, store and transport lipids and carbohydrates
Large surface area for enzymes to attach to in the mitochondria
A fluid filled matrix in chroloplasts
Stacks of thylakoids (chlorophyll pigment) in chloroplasts
Contains proteins, lipids and ribosomes in the mitochondria
Protein synthesis
consists of microfibrils and prevents cell from bursting under pressure of osmosis

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What are the stages of mitosis?

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Anaphase
Metaphase
Telophase and Cytokinesis
Prophase
Interphase

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What are each of these stages of mitosis?

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Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase & Cytokinesis

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Spindle fibres attach to chromatids, chromatids pulled towards poles
Chromosomes joined by the centremere, chromosomes are pulled along the spindle and arrange themselves in the middle
Chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelope disintergrates, nuceolus disappears
Chromosomes invisble, cell is actively synthesising proteins, DNA replicates
Chromatids reach poles, nuclear envelope reforms, nuceolus reforms, spindle disintergrates and cytoplasm splits into two

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