Heather conducted a between-subjects experiment where she intentionally assigned male participants to the control condition and females to his experimental condition in attempts to rule out differences within each group.

Johnny conducted a within-subjects experiment where he intentionally assigned male participants to the control condition and females to his experimental condition in attempts to rule out differences within each group.

Laura conducted a within-subjects experiment, where each participant completed the control and experimental condition.

Kevin conducted a between-subjects experiment, where he randomly assigned participants to a condition. They then completed both the control and experimental manipulations.

When doing a t-test, Mindy's null hypothesis is that vegans and non-vegans are similar in how happy they believe they are.

Mindy used random assignment since everyone from the population filled out the scale.

Mindy's independent variable is how happy people are.

If the vegan group is significantly happier, she can say that eating vegan makes people happier.

10 hours of sleep will help improve attention on exams

Sleep improves attention

10 hours of sleep will improve test scores by 10%

1 hour of sleep correlates with a 1% increase on an exam

The mode is susceptible to outliers, as very small or very large numbers can change where the middle falls.

The mean is most effective when using non-numerical data sets, as the average will indicate the most common selection.

The mode is most effective when using non-numerical data sets, as the data point that occurs most often can be calculated with categorical data.

The median is susceptible to outliers, as very small or very large numbers change where the middle falls.

Random assignment allows us to eliminate experimenter bias.

Random assignment allows us to eliminate subject bias.

Random assignment allows us to compare between different conditions of the experiment.

Random assignment allows us to generalize our result to the whole population being sampled from.

Subjects are assigned to either the experimental or control condition based on their personal preference, and are told to write which group they have chosen on the consent form without notifying the experimenter.

Subjects are assigned to either the experimental or control condition based on their personal preference, and report their decision directly to the experimenter.

Subjects are assigned to either the experimental or control condition at random by an individual other than the experimenter.

Subjects are assigned to either the experimental or control condition by the experimenter, and are not told which group they have been assigned to.

r = 1.01

r = 0.2

r = -0.8

r = -1.6

Giving the control group a mock treatment, so they are unaware of which condition they are in

Explain the hypothesis prior to the experiment, so participants are aware of potential biases they may have

Exposing the experimental groups to the manipulated variable, so they are aware of which condition they are in

Keeping the experimenter blind to conditions, to avoid participants receiving verbal cues from the experimenter

The independent variable is the variable being observed by the experimenter.

The control variables are variables that must differ between all conditions.

The dependent variable is the variable manipulated by the experimenter.

The confounding variable is a variable other than the independent variable that affects the results.

Experiments utilize the correlation coefficient, which is a measure of the relatedness between two variables.

Experiments utilize independent variables, which describes the condition the experimenter places the subject in.

Experiments are used to determine the effect the manipulated variable has on the independent variables.

Experiments are used to determine the strength of the relationship between two variables.

The severity of the patients' symptoms.

Which prescription medication they are taking.

The number of prescription medications taken.

Whether or not the patient suffers from depression.

Running speed is affected by external factors.

Running speed is affected by the quality of shoes.

The quality of shoes is affected by an individual's running speed.

Higher quality shoes result in a faster running speed.

A steep slope moving from bottom left to top right.

A shallow slope moving from top left to bottom right.

A shallow slope moving from bottom left to top right.

A steep slope moving from top left to bottom right.

It ensures that the results of the experiment can be replicated by other scientists.

It ensures that the findings of the study can have broader implications for the population.

It ensures that there are no inherent differences between experimental and control groups.

It ensures that the experimenters are blind to the condition of all the participants.

Descriptive statistics allow us to make assumptions about general populations, while inferential statistics creates a summary of the data

Observational data cannot be analyzed using inferential statistics, as it is correlational data

Inferential statistics allow us to make assumptions about general populations, while descriptive statistics creates a summary of the data

Observational data cannot be analyzed using descriptive statistics, as it is correlational data