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psychology; early social developement and attachement

psychology-early-social-developement

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What is attachment?

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Attachment is a

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that devlopes over

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between an infant and their

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What does attachment depend on?

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the four characteristics of attachment are;

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seeking
distress
pleasure
genral orientation

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when reunited
of behaviour towards the PCG
proximity (especially in times of stress)
on seperation

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The explanations for attachment (Bowlby)

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Evolution
Social releasers
Monotrophy
Critical periods
Internal working models

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A strong and (almost) in-replicable bond is created between a child and their mother due to the child's programming as the mother is the provider of food, security and safety.
A schema is activated with the first relationship/bond that we create which determines how we feel about ourselves and all other relationships regarding expectations, worthiness and trust.
Attachment has evolved in humans in which we use a stay close mechanism because its adaptive and has survival value. It’s less likely that children who don't display attachment behaviours will survive compared to those that do; Their genetic predisposition to attach will be passed onto their offspring.
To activate caregiving in potential primary care givers (and to maintain the bond they create), evolved, instinctive behaviours programmed in the child (from since they were born) are activated.
In the genetically determined period for development (0-2 years), the attachment bond is due to take place. This is known as the critical period.

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Match the explanation for attachment to a study that supports it.

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Evolution
Social releasers
Monotrophy
Critical periods
Internal working model

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Shaffer and Emerson-60 Glasgow babies of a working class were interviewed and observed to see how their attachments are becoming stronger through time. 2 behaviours of “Separation anxiety” and “Stranger distress”were measured. This was done by approaching the child and trying to engage them in play or conversation.They found that the attachment not only developed depending on time but corresponded to the infant’s age. The infants went through 4 stages(Asocial stage up to 6 weeks of age-attachments with any human, Indiscriminate attachment:6 weeks to 6 months- sociable”. They can tell people apart and so begin to form stronger attachments , no stranger fear, Specific attachment 7 months onward- separation anxiety and “protests”, usually by crying, when their primary attachment figure leaves[stranger fear], Multiple Attachments:10-11 months onwards towards friends, grandparents and childminders/ nursery staff.) The infants reached 4 different stages of attachment dependent of their age.
Ainsworth-To assess the security and quality of infant/young children attachments The episodes in the proceadure include 1: An experimenter leaves the parent or caregiver and baby alone to play, 2: The parent sits while the baby plays. Researchers observed the use of the parent as a secure base in this episode, 3: A stranger enters the room and talks to the parent. Researchers observed stranger anxiety in this episode, 4: The parent leaves the room and the stranger stays, letting the baby play and offering comfort if necessary. Researchers observed separation anxiety in this episode, 5: The parent returns, greets the baby, and offers comfort if needed, and the stranger leaves the room. Researchers observed the reactions to reunion during this episode, 6: The parent leaves the room again. Only the baby is in the room. Researchers are again observing separation anxiety, 7: The stranger enters the room and offers comfort to the baby. Researchers are observing stranger anxiety and the ability of the baby to be soothed by a stranger and 8: The parent returns to the room, greets the baby, and offers comfort. The baby is allowed to return to play. Researchers observed the reactions to reunion in this final episode. The episodes that gradually escalate the amount of stress infants experience as they react to the approach of an adult stranger and the departure and return of their caregiver. Through these episodes ainsworth found that there are three main attachment styles, secure (type B), insecure avoidant (type A) and insecure ambivalent/resistant (type C). She concluded that these attachment styles were the result of early interactions with the mother. A forth attachment style known as disorganized was later identified (Main, & Solomon, 1990).
Tronick-To see how responsive children are to the world around them A 1 year old baby and their mother were playing together; they baby and the mother are engaging and interacting their emotions and intentions The mother was then asked to be unresponsive to her child. The baby didn't take long to notice the lack of response and reacted on an extreme level to try and get back the mother attention by smiling, pointing, reaching out and screeching (abnormal/negative reaction) in stress. The mother then responds to the baby and baby and mother start to play again-This happens in good relationships Children can engage in social interaction; very young infants already have several basic building blocks of social cognition in place.
Lorenz-A large amount of geese eggs were looked after by harlow until they hatch. Within the first several hours of them hatching, half of them were given back to the mother and he kept half.He mimicked the actions that a mother would (e.g. quacking sound) upon which the young birds regarded him as their mother and followed him accordingly. The other group followed the mother goose. During a 12-17 hour critical period they followed the first moving object they saw after hatching. This process is known as imprinting, and suggests that attachment is innate and programmed genetically.
Hazan and Shaver-To see how attachments at young age can affect those we experience/create later on in life. In this study, participants had to take a questionnaire in order for their emotional orientation in relationships to be determined. Hazan and Shaver noticed that interactions between adult romantic partners shared similarities to interactions between children and caregivers;

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Select all of the results that support nature rather than nurture

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