A relatively

due

to

.

Wilhelm Wundt opened the first laboratory dedicated to

and it's opening opening is usually thought of as the

of modern psychology where as he's regarded as the

. He separated psychology from

and introduced the

method to psychology.

Wundt wanted to study the

of the human mind using

.This is the ability to look

of our own

. He also believed in reductionism which is where consciousness could be broken down to its

without sacrificing any of the properties of the whole.

One of Wundt's students described his system as

, or the analysis of the basic elements that

the

.

Classical conditioning is a procedure during which an animal/person

to

a reflex response with a new

. This was investigated in 1920 by 2 psychologists known as Jhon

and Rosoline Raynar. An

month old baby was brought to a laboratory to play with with

objects. In the

trials, Albert was presented with a white rat which he

for. As he reacted, a metal bar was hit

times loudly behind his back. After the metal bar had stopped being strikked, they made an attempt to return the

to Albert in which case he screamed and tried to get away. He did this even though the metal bar wasn’t being striked and there was no loud noise. He also showed signs of

when presented with a santa mask and a fur coat however this stimulus

did not extend to everything with hair.

Another example of a study that was used in order to investigate classical conditioning was Ivan Pavlov and his

dogs

. Pavlov wanted to investigate if a

neutral

stimulus (bell) can come to elict a new learned response (

conditioned

) through association. Where food acted as an unconditioned

stimulus

to the dogs salivation (which is a unconditioned response). By repetedly presenting the dog's food to it with the sound of a bell, the dog learned to

associate

the sound of the bell (conditioned

) with food (unconditioned stimulus) therefore

(unconditioned response) which became conditioned. To conclude, classical conditioning (later developed by John Watson) involves learning to associate an

stimulus that already brings about a particular response (i.e. a reflex) with a new (conditioned) stimulus, so that the new

brings about the same response.

Opperant conditioning is strengthening a

through

/

consequences. Edward Thorndike developed a law of

was established in

and is the concept behind opperant conditioning. If there's a

to someones actions, the desired behaviour will be encouarged to be

however if there is a negative consequence for somones actions, they're less likely to be

. This usually happens with undesirable/

behaviours.Thorndike wanted to to empirically test the laws of

. To do this he placed a

in a

box, which was encourage to escape/

the door of to reach a scrap of fish placed outside. How long it took to escape was

. Eventually, the lever was stumbled upon by the cat however he was put

in again.

In successive

the cats would learn that pressing the lever would have favorable

and they would adopt this behavior, becoming

quick at pressing the

. He concluded that any behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and any behavior followed by

consequences is likely to be stopped.

This research was later furthered by another psychologist known as Burrhus Frederic

who wanted to investigate altering behaviour through reinforcement. To do this, rats/

were put in a

with a lever for food that they had to peck/press at

times. After repetitively pressing the lever at

times, the animals learnt

due to reinforcment. The

increased behaviour.

Social learning theory is where it's

to be able to occur purely through

or direct instruction, even in the

of motor reproduction or direct

. Albert Bandura investigated this in

1977 to see if

behaviors (i.e. aggression) can be acquired by

and imitation.

boys and

girls between 3 and

years old were tested. They were pretested to see their

behaviour ratings on 4

point scales in

University Nursery (their one). This made it possible to

the children in each group so that they had similar levels of aggression in their

(matched pairs). There were

conditions to this experiment:

model shown to 24 children, Non-aggressive model shown to

children and No model shown (

condition) to 24 children. In the 2 role model conditions, 6/12 boys and 6/12 girls were shown a male role model and 6/12 boys and 6/12 girls were shown a

role model. In condition 1, the adults

the Bobo doll in a distinctive

- They used a hammer in some cases, and in others threw the doll in the air and shouted onomatopoeic words.

In condition 2 they were exposed to a

model who played in a quiet and subdued manner for 10 minutes where the adults played with a tinker toy set instead of Bobo and in condition 3, the kids were used as a control group and not exposed to any model at all.

All the children (including the control group) were subjected to

aggression arousal. Each child was (separately) taken to a room with relatively

toys. As soon as the child started to play with the toys the experimenter told the child that these were the experimenter's very best toys and she had decided to reserve them for the

. This of course increased their level of aggression so when taken into the next room with some

toys (e.g. a gun) and non-aggressive toys (e.g. crayons)

the ones in condition A went for the aggressive toys the one in condition b went for the non-aggressive toyas and the one in condition C went for non aggressive toys also.

Boys were also more likely to imitate same-

models than girls.

They were observed through a one way mirror for 20 minutes.