Control of vocalisation left lateralised, but no volition

vocalisations were associated with gestures

All processes were independent

lateralised mirror neurons for gesturing

All processes were dependent on each other

Broca's Area present

Motor Neurons specialised in the LH

mirror neurons closely linked with LH centre for vocalisation

bilateral mirror neurons used for gesturing

Dextrality common

The Broca's area formed

Mirror neurons became bilateral, allowing for both hemipsheres to work together, and the Broca's area formed

Mirror neurons became bilateral, allowing for both hemipsheres to work together

Motor neurons became specialised in the LH, and the Broca's area formed

Motor neurons became bilateral, allowing for both hemipsheres to work together

MIrror neurons became specialised in the LH, and the Broca's area formed

The McGurk Effect was weaker when the right side of the mouth was visible, therefore it has more expressive speech

The McGurk Effect was even stronger when mirrored, as they were forced to attend the left side

The McGurk Effect was stronger when the right side of the mouth was visible, therefore it has less expressive speech

The McGurk Effect was even stronger when set at a normal orientation, as they were forced to attend the left side

The McGurk Effect was even stronger when set at a normal orientation, as they were forced to attend the right side

The McGurk Effect was stronger when the left side of the mouth was visible, therefore it has more expressive speech

The McGurk Effect was weaker when the left side of the mouth was visible, therefore it has more expressive speech

The McGurk Effect was stronger when the right side of the mouth was visible, therefore it has more expressive speech

Mediation Hypothesis- The dextral stock were the genetically dominant, thus mediating the reduction in sinstrals

Elimination Hypothesis - the sinstral stock have died off earlier

Dyslexia Hypothesis - the sinstral stock was more likely to be dyslexic, therefore less likely to procreate

Elimination Hypothesis - the sinstral stock have simply switched hands

Modification Hypothesis - the sinstrally inherent switched to dextral

Evolutionary Hypothesis - The sinstral stock died due to being evolutionary inferior

survival of the fittess

modification

accidental deaths

mediation

evolution

elimination

Eliosymbolia - the inability to recognise symbols

Strephosymbolia - literally 'the reversal of symbols'

Mediation - unable to read, therefore unable to form complete understanding of verbal information

Modification - switching hands, therefore causing difficulties

Strephosymbolia - literally 'dyslexia'

sinstrals have difficulties differentiating left and right

sinstral individuals are mentally gifted

low portion of dyslexics use both hands

high portion of dyslexics use both hands

dextrals have difficulties differentiating left and right

sinstrals and dextrals have difficulty differentiating left and right

sinstral individuals have high developmental delays

high portion of dyslexics are dextral

not accurate portrayal of visual pathways

high portion of dyslexics are sinstral

not accurate portrayal of auditory pathways

sinstral individuals don't have a developmental delay

TP size was associated with ear asymmetries in control, but not dyslexics

Both groups featured a larger left temporal planum than their right

Dyslexics had a larger left temporal planum compared to control

Medulla size was significantly smaller in control group

Dyslexics had a greater right temporal planum than left

TP size was associated with ear asymmetries in dyslexics, but not control

Dyslexics had a smaller left temporal planum compared to the control

Corpus callosum size was significantly larger in dyslexics

Supported by Jones experiment with fMRI

LH control instead of biateral control for speech

Supported with Jones experiment using WADA test

LH dominance instead of RH dominance

No support

Minimal support by Foundas (2004) using EEG test

Minimal support by Hugdahl (2003)

RH control instead of LH dominance

Bilateral control instead of LH dominance

Cerebral Cortex

Broca's Area

Medulla

Temporal lobes

Frontal lobe

Occupital lobes

frontal lobes

primary areas

Executive functioning areas

;anguage areas (Broca's area)

temporal lobes

sensory areas

axonal pruning - the removal of brain connections

decrease of mass in brain

increase of mass in brain

axonal development - the addition of brain connections

axonal stretching - the improvement of current axons

frontal lobe

medulla

cerebral cortex

corpus callosum

hippocampus

anterior commisure

performed in cases of severe epilepsy

the partial removal of the cerebral hemisphere

performed in cases of severe stroke

the partial removal of a hemisphere

performed in severe cases of multiple sclerosis

the removal of the cerebral hemisphere

performed in cases of epilepsy

the cutting of the corpus callosum

performed in cases of a single seizure

the removal of the corpus callosum