Goals, attitudes, strategy, and evaluation

Values, obstacles, beliefs, and evaluation

Goals, obstacles, strategy, and evaluation

Values, behaviours, strategy and evaluation

All of the above

Animals gradually get to the solution to problems from trial and error (not insight)

Positive outcome acted as reinforcement similar to an operant conditioning scenario

No sophisticated mental processes involved

Pigeons moved the box, but not to an area where they could get the banana

Pigeons tried to climb to reach the banana instead of using the box to help

Pigeons were unable to move the box beneath the banana during the experimental conditions

Pigeons moved the on beneath the banana, and pecked the banana while standing on the box

Weir et al. (2002)

Povinelli (2002)

Taylor et al. (2009)

Birch (1945)

From birth to 11 months old

After 12 months old

From birth to 9 months old

From birth to 10 months old

From 16 months

From 14 months

From 12 months

From 18 months

6 months old

5 to 6 years

1 - 2 years

3 to 4 years

Exercise

Spending time alone

Spending time alone

Eating healthy

Play

Infants search around for random objects

Technique used to observe other using tools

Hinders tool-use

Facilitates tool-use over and above mere observation of tool-use

Establishes experiences with an object before using it to solve problems boosts success rate

All of the above

Is as effective as problem solving training (Smith & Duttin, 1979)

Is in agreement with the animal cognition literature (Birch, 1945; Schiller, 1952)

Prior experience with a tool may limit the creative use of the tool for a different purpose (Barrett et al., 2007)

All of the above

Functional fixedness (German & Johnson, 2002)

Design stance (Dennett, 1990)

Object exploration

Recognition task

Lure-retrieval task

Problem solving task

B - divergent thinking

C - analogically reasoning

A - executive function

Both A and B

Bushman children performed similarly to Western children

All of the above

Tool making is not an inherited feature in human creatures

Tool making is late-developing across cultures

Using structured language to explain themselves

Using something you already know to understand something you don't know yet

Reasoning with someone to change their minds

Make decision in a set amount of time