Addition of systemic antibiotics.

varying the oxygen concentration within the biofilm

altering of ph within biofilm colonies

control of biofilm nutrient sources

a loose collection of free-floating bacteria

a well-organized, cooperating community of microorganisms

a calcified collection of bacteria that cannot be easily removed

an acellular translucent, homogeneous film covering moist surfaces

layer in dental unit water lines

lining on indwelling catheters

detoxification of human waste products

Humans have a symbiotic relationship with their microbiome

coating in fish tanks

"Calculus plays a major role in causing periodontitis."

"Where there is more plaque, there is more disease."

"The presence of bacterial plaque is necessary to develop periodontal disease, but not sufficient to guarantee disease."

"All bacteria in plaque contribute to gingivitis and periodontitis."

B. forsythus

P. gingivalis

T. pallidum

A. actinomycentemcomitans

periodontal disease goes through active and quiescent periods

the different bacteria in periodontal pockets require different culture media

periodontal pockets contain both pathogens and non-pathogens

None of the above.

scanning electron microscopy

wet mount microscopy

smear microscopy

confocal scanning laser microscopy

The environment surrounding bacteria consists of the same or similar pHs.

Bacteria exist in isolation from each other.

Bacteria are dispersed more or less evenly through the plaque.

Bacteria communicate with each other by sending out chemical signals.

none of the above.

Change the oxygen concentration with the biofilm microenvironments.

Keep bacteria from communicating with each other.

Prevent fluid flow between microcolonies of bacteria in a biofilm.

The biofilm matrix serves as a protective barrier.

The biofilm changes the pH of the antimicrobial agent and inactivates the agent.

The biofilm prevents the antimicrobial agent from entering the periodontal pocket.

The biofilm fluid channels direct the antimicrobial agent out of the pocket.

Control of biofilm nutrient sources.

Varying the oxygen concentration within biofilm.

Addition of systemic antibiotics.

Alteration of pH within biofilm microcolonies.