Patho Final: Hopefully better upload

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545536

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Which of the following clinical manifestations is most likely to accompany a diagnosis of vulvodynia?

Select the correct answer(s).

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Explanation

Pain is the defining characteristic of vulvodynia. Contributing factors, such as wounds or lesions, are absent. Incontinence does not normally accompany vulvodynia, and there is an absence of purulent discharge, since the etiology is noninfectious.

545537

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A 21-year-old college student has sought care because of the vaginal burning, itching, and redness that have become worse in recent weeks. Which of the clinician's assessment questions is most likely to apply to a diagnosis of vaginitis?

Select the correct answer(s).

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Explanation

In women of childbearing years, causes of vaginitis are often a manifestation of some organisms that can be transmitted sexually. The use of oral contraceptives and menstrual disorders are not associated with the incidence of vaginitis, and previous pregnancies are not identified as risk factors or causes.

545538

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A client visited her health care provider and was diagnosed with acute cervicitis. A clinical manifestation that accompanies acute cervicitis may include:

Select the correct answer(s).

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Explanation

With acute cervicitis, the cervix becomes reddened and edematous; irritation from the infection results in copious mucopurulent drainage and leukorrhea. Bartholin gland obstruction causes a cyst to form, becomes purulent, and results in abscess formation. Lichen simplex chronicus lesions are labial thick, gray-white plaques. Squamous cell vulvar carcinoma is characterized by a recurrent, persistent, pruritic vulvitis, sometimes as the only complaint.

545539

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When educating a group of teenagers about sexually transmitted infections (STIs), the school nurse also mentions that cervical cancer has been associated with which of the following viral infections?

Select the correct answer(s).

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Explanation

Carcinoma of the cervix is often considered a sexually transmitted disease. A preponderance of evidence suggests a causal link between human papilloma virus (HPV) infection and cervical cancer. Herpes simplex II and Chlamydia trachomatis cause infections that are considered sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and are unrelated to neoplastic changes of the cervix. Herpes varicella zoster is secondary chickenpox, also known as shingles, which forms along a dermatome path.

545540

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A 29-year-old client had a Papanicolaou smear performed during her most recent visit to her primary care provider. This diagnostic procedure aims to identify:

Select the correct answer(s).

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Explanation

The primary purpose of a Pap smear is to obtain cytology samples from the cervix to examine the cervical cells for atypical changes. These precancerous changes represent a continuum of morphologic changes with indistinct boundaries that may gradually progress to cancer in situ and then to invasive cancer. The performance of a Pap smear allows for visualization of the cervix, but the primary diagnostic purpose is not the identification of lesions and polyps. Cytology samples are not tested for HPV antibodies.

545541

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A client asks the health care provider to, “Explain this brachytherapy they want to do for my cervical cancer again.” The response should include which of the following statements?

Select the correct answer(s).

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Explanation

External-beam irradiation and intracavitary irradiation or brachytherapy (i.e., insertion of radioactive materials into the body) can be used in the treatment of cervical cancer. Intracavitary radiation provides direct access to the central lesion and increases the tolerance of the cervix and surrounding tissues, permitting curative levels of radiation to be used. None of the other answers describe this process. It usually is inserted in radiology, and then the client is transported to a private room until an allotted timeframe.

545542

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A client visits the OB/GYN clinic complaining of low abdominal pain, purulent cervical discharge, and painful intercourse. The health care worker (HCW) diagnoses pelvic inflammatory disease. The HCW educates the client about that fact that this disease may be associated with:

Select the correct answer(s).

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Explanation

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an inflammation and polymicrobial infection of the upper reproductive tract that involves the uterus (endometritis), fallopian tubes (salpingitis), or ovaries (oophoritis) associated with sexually transmitted and endogenous organisms. Endometriosis is the condition in which functional endometrial tissue is found in ectopic sites outside the uterus; the displaced endometrial tissue may cause localized inflammation. Ruptured tubal pregnancy causes salpingitis and inflammation unrelated to sexually transmitted disease (STD) infections. Benign ovarian epithelial tumors are almost always serous or mucinous. Serous (fluid-filled) luteal or follicular ovarian cysts are noninfective, are noninflammatory, and frequently resolve spontaneously without treatment.

545543

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Endometriosis is characterized by painful hemorrhagic lesions in the pelvis, which may develop into which of the following potential complications?

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

Explanation

Endometriosis is the condition in which functional endometrial tissue is found in ectopic sites outside the uterus. Endometriosis usually becomes apparent in the reproductive years when the lesions are stimulated by ovarian hormones in the same way as normal endometrium, becoming proliferative, then secretory, and finally undergoing menstrual breakdown. Bleeding into the surrounding structures can cause pain and the development of significant pelvic adhesions. Endometrial cancer often develops as a result of prolonged estrogenic stimulation and/or unopposed estrogen therapy with excessive growth (i.e., hyperplasia) of the endometrium inside the uterus. Candidiasis vaginitis is a common yeast infection unrelated to intrapelvic endometriosis. Bladder herniation, cystocele, happens when bladder muscle support weakens with age or multiple births.

545544

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A client is complaining to the health care provider about several vague signs/symptoms. Which of the following raises a “red flag” indicating the client may have developed endometrial cancer?

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

Explanation

The major symptom of endometrial hyperplasia or overt endometrial cancer is abnormal, painless bleeding. Abnormal bleeding is an early warning sign of endometrial cancer in up to 90% of women, and because endometrial cancer tends to be slow growing in its early stages, the chances of cure are good if prompt medical care is sought. Fibrocystic changes, formerly called fibrocystic breast disease, are benign irregular fibrous breast lesions. Ovaries normally atrophy with age. Difficulty emptying the bladder may indicate bladder cancer or cystocele.

545545

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A client comes to the OB/GYN clinic complaining of difficulty in emptying the bladder and frequency and urgency of urination. After examination, the health care provider will likely diagnose:

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

Explanation

Cystocele is herniation of the bladder into the vagina that occurs when the normal muscle support for the bladder is weakened, the bladder sags below the uterus, herniates through the anterior vaginal wall, and a cystocele forms. The symptoms include difficulty in emptying the bladder, frequency and urgency of urination, and stress incontinence. Rectocele is herniation of the rectum into the vagina; symptoms include discomfort because of the protrusion of the rectum and difficulty in defecation. Uterine prolapse is the bulging of the uterus into the vagina that occurs when the primary supportive ligaments are stretched; symptoms result from irritation of the exposed mucous membranes of the cervix and vagina and the discomfort of the protruding mass. Endometritis symptoms include abnormal vaginal bleeding, mild to severe uterine tenderness, fever, malaise, and foul-smelling discharge.

545546

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As a result of endocrine disorder, the client with polycystic ovary syndrome will like exhibit which of the following clinical manifestations? Select all that apply.

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

Explanation

Women with PCOS typically have abnormal gonadotropin levels, a problem that is manifested by increased release of LH in relation to FSH release. This causes an increase in production of androstenedione and testosterone by the theca cells of the ovary. PCOS is a common endocrine disorder affecting 5% to 10% of women of reproductive age and is a frequent source of chronic anovulation. The disorder is characterized by varying degrees of menstrual irregularity, signs of hyperandrogenism (acne and hirsutism or male pattern hair loss), infertility, and hyperinsulinemia or insulin resistance. A substantial number of women who are diagnosed with PCOS are obese, and most have polycystic ovaries. Hypertension is also common in women with PCOS.

545547

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When explaining polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) to a newly diagnosed client, the health care worker states, “This ovarian dysfunction is caused by:

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

Explanation

The underlying etiology of the disorder is unknown, although most women have altered gonadotropin levels. Most women with PCOS have elevated luteinizing hormone (LH) levels with normal estrogen and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) production. This altered LH/FSH ratio often is used as a diagnostic criterion for this condition. The elevated LH level also results in increased androgen production. Hyperinsulinemia may also lead to the excess androgen production; the overall goal of PCOS treatment is to suppress the insulin-facilitated, LH-driven androgen production.

545548

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While taking the history of a female client complaining of irregular, very painful bleeding occurring after menopause, the health care provider is alert to which of the following high-risk indicators of ovarian cancer?

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

Explanation

A family history of cancer, particularly breast and ovarian cancer, and nulliparity (not been pregnant) increase the risk of developing ovarian cancer, whereas oral contraceptive use, pregnancy, and lactation decrease the risk. There are no effective screening methods for ovarian cancer, and most cancers of the ovary produce no symptoms. Ductal ectasia manifests in older women as a spontaneous, intermittent, usually unilateral, grayish green nipple discharge.

545549

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Which of the following complaints by middle-aged women should prompt a care provider to assess for the possibility of ovarian cancer?

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

Explanation

Symptoms of ovarian cancer are frequently misattributed to other health problems because they tend to be vague in nature; these include dyspepsia and bloating. Changes in menstrual pattern, severe pain, and vaginal discharge are not typically associated with ovarian cancer, especially in earlier stages.

545550

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Which of the following would be considered a structural abnormality or disease process that could cause menstrual pain known as secondary dysmenorrhea? Select all that apply.

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

Explanation

Secondary dysmenorrhea is menstrual pain caused by structural abnormalities or disease processes such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, adenomyosis, pelvic adhesions, IUDs, or PID. In women with secondary dysmenorrhea, the pain often lasts longer than the menstrual period; it may begin before menstrual bleeding begins; and it may become worse during menstruation. Cervicitis is an acute or chronic inflammation of the cervix. Acute cervicitis may result from the direct infection of the cervix, or it may occur secondary to a vaginal or uterine infection. Cystocele is a herniation of the bladder into the vagina. It occurs when the normal muscle support for the bladder is weakened, and the bladder sags below the uterus. This causes the bladder to herniate into the vagina due to the force of gravity and pressures from coughing, lifting, or straining at stool. Rectocele is the herniation of the rectum into the vagina.

Patho Final: Hopefully better upload

Question 1 of 1

Time Left

Which of the following clinical manifestations is most likely to accompany a diagnosis of vulvodynia?

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

Explanation

A 21-year-old college student has sought care because of the vaginal burning, itching, and redness that have become worse in recent weeks. Which of the clinician's assessment questions is most likely to apply to a diagnosis of vaginitis?

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

Explanation

A client visited her health care provider and was diagnosed with acute cervicitis. A clinical manifestation that accompanies acute cervicitis may include:

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

Explanation

When educating a group of teenagers about sexually transmitted infections (STIs), the school nurse also mentions that cervical cancer has been associated with which of the following viral infections?

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

Explanation

A 29-year-old client had a Papanicolaou smear performed during her most recent visit to her primary care provider. This diagnostic procedure aims to identify:

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

Explanation

A client asks the health care provider to, “Explain this brachytherapy they want to do for my cervical cancer again.” The response should include which of the following statements?

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

Explanation

A client visits the OB/GYN clinic complaining of low abdominal pain, purulent cervical discharge, and painful intercourse. The health care worker (HCW) diagnoses pelvic inflammatory disease. The HCW educates the client about that fact that this disease may be associated with:

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

Explanation

Endometriosis is characterized by painful hemorrhagic lesions in the pelvis, which may develop into which of the following potential complications?

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

Explanation

A client is complaining to the health care provider about several vague signs/symptoms. Which of the following raises a “red flag” indicating the client may have developed endometrial cancer?

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

Explanation

A client comes to the OB/GYN clinic complaining of difficulty in emptying the bladder and frequency and urgency of urination. After examination, the health care provider will likely diagnose:

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

Explanation

As a result of endocrine disorder, the client with polycystic ovary syndrome will like exhibit which of the following clinical manifestations? Select all that apply.

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

Explanation

When explaining polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) to a newly diagnosed client, the health care worker states, “This ovarian dysfunction is caused by:

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

Explanation

While taking the history of a female client complaining of irregular, very painful bleeding occurring after menopause, the health care provider is alert to which of the following high-risk indicators of ovarian cancer?

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

Explanation

Which of the following complaints by middle-aged women should prompt a care provider to assess for the possibility of ovarian cancer?

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

Explanation

Which of the following would be considered a structural abnormality or disease process that could cause menstrual pain known as secondary dysmenorrhea? Select all that apply.

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

Explanation

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