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block

Which cytokine plays a central role in initiating the acute gout flare?

Select the correct answer(s).  

(0/0)

---

IL-6

Interleukin (IL)-1

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α

IL-8

none

The growth of various epithelial tumours can be sustained by a loop that includes the transcription factors NF-κB and STAT3, and the cytokine:

Select the correct answer(s).  

(0/0)

---

GM-CSF

IL-6

IL-2

CSF-1

IL-1β

none

Which management strategy leads to the greatest reduction in serum urate concentrations in people with gout?

Select the correct answer(s).  

(0/0)

---

Low fat dairy products

Vitamin C

Colchicine

Allopurinol

Naproxen

none

The loss of imprinting at chromosome 11p15 that underlies many Wilms tumours reflects:

Select the correct answer(s).  

(0/0)

---

biallelic expression of the IGF2 gene

biallelic expression of the H19 gene

increased binding of an insulator protein to a differentially methylated region between the IGF2 and H19 genes

increased expression of the stem cell marker TWIST

gain of a maternal copy of the locus

none

Cancers of humans include a higher proportion of carcinomas than those of mice because:

Select the correct answer(s).  

(0/0)

---

telomerase is expressed at a lower level in mouse cells

telomeres are shorter in human cells

the loss of p53 is required for telomere-deficient cells to avoid apoptosis

human tumours show a lower frequency of p53 mutations

human tumours more often reflect the action of specific oncogenes

none

In Autosomal Polycystic Kidney Disease, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Select the correct answer(s).  

(0/0)

---

Only cells of the distal tubule are affected

The type of mutation strongly correlates to clinical manifestation of the disease

Polycystin 1 is one of the affected proteins

It is a defect in epithelial cell proliferation

Polycystin 2 is expressed on the epithelial cell primary cilium

none

A direct or cell-autonomous effect of inflammation on tumour development might be:

Select the correct answer(s).  

(0/0)

---

activation of macrophage cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)

bacterial colonisation of connective tissue

activation of NF-κB, BCL-XL and cell survival

failure of mucosal barrier function

high local concentrations of cytokines and prostaglandins

none

For drug-induced lupus erythematosus (DILE), which of the following is FALSE?

Select the correct answer(s).  

(0/0)

---

Elderly may be more susceptible to DILE due to higher rates of disease treated with medications, which in turn may cause DILE

DILE may take many weeks or years to develop but often resolves on cessation of therapy

DILE is far more prevalent in males because men take more drugs than women

DILE has some of the signs and symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus

Acetylator genotype influences the speed with which DILE develops on procainamide therapy

none

In human cancers, reciprocal chromosomal translocations are associated with:

Select the correct answer(s).  

(0/0)

---

errors in repair of radiation-mediated DNA breaks

self-perpetuating cycles of chromosomal breakage

changes in gene copy-number

carcinomas in older people

the shortening of telomeric repeats

none

In tumours, a complex of cytokines that includes IL-4, IL-13 and GM-CSF favours the development of:

Select the correct answer(s).  

(0/0)

---

NK lymphocytes

cytotoxic T cells

antigen-presenting dendritic cells

cytotoxic macrophages

trophic, remodelling macrophages

none

Patients with a mutation in the PKD2 gene will:

Select the correct answer(s).  

(0/0)

---

have autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease with an average age of onset of 70 years

have gained the mutation from both parents

have autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease with an average age of onset of 55 years

account for 85% of all polycystic kidney disease cases

not have any primary cilia on their kidney epithelial cells

none

Merotely may be defined as:

Select the correct answer(s).  

(0/0)

---

the presence of an abnormal number of centrosomes in a cell

the fragmentation of chromosomes in micronuclei

the attachment of microtubules from both poles to one kinetochore

one or more lagging chromosomes in anaphase

any defect in the engagement of a microtubule with a kinetochore

none

Genetic variants in which uric acid transporter contribute most to development of elevated serum urate levels?

Select the correct answer(s).  

(0/0)

---

SLC22A11 (OAT4)

SLC2A9 (GLUT9)

SLC17A1 (NPT1)

SLC22A12 (URAT1)

ABCG2

none

Lean fat, as compared to adipose fat, would be expected to contain an elevated abundance of:

Select the correct answer(s).  

(0/0)

---

Treg cells secreting IL-10

TNF and IL-6

M1 macrophages and CD8+ T cells

neutrophils and mast cells

free fatty acids

none

Which of the following disease karyotypes occurs MOST FREQUENTLY?

Select the correct answer(s).  

(0/0)

---

47, XX, +16

45, X

46, YY

47, XX,+21

47, XX, +18