Locomotor

locomotor

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65042

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what are the three nerves originating from the lumbar plexus

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65043

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What are the 3 nerves emanating from the sacral plexus

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65050

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Put the stages of walking in order (beginning with the first stage of the stance phase

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1
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8

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Terminal swing - Limb decelerates forward movement,
Initial contact (Heel strike) - Foot inverted and dorsiflexed as heel makes contact on lateral side
Midstance - Body weight brought over planted foot.
Loading response (flat foot) - Foot brought into full contact, ankle rocker action begins.
Initial swing - foot pushed off ground, limb accelerates forward.
Terminal stance (heel off) - Heel lifted off ground (foot everted and plantar flexed). Body weight advances ahead of single-supporting foot.
Preswing (toe off) - Lower limb positioned to quickly swing forward beneath body, transfer of weight from one limb to other.
Midswing - Limb moves beneath body until tibia of leg is vertical. Foot dorsiflexed to prevent toes dragging on ground.

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Match the gaits with their descriptions

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Scissor gait
Shuffling gait
High stepping gait - (John Thaw’s right leg)
Staccato gait
Quadriceps paralysis

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dorsiflexor paralysis = ‘foot drop’, unless leg is lifted higher by exaggerated knee bend. Whole foot tends to slapped on ground rather than heel strike.
knee can only be stabilised by being locked in full extension by bending trunk forward or holding knee back with one hand.
Plantarflexor paralysis = no forward thrust. Unaffected limb never advances beyond affected limb.
Short shuffling steps, rigidity in hip and knee extensors (Parkinson’s disease).
Thigh swings across body during swing phase (spastic gait). Difficulty in putting heel on ground Can be unilateral (stroke or cerebral palsy) or bilateral (cerebral palsy)

65058

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Intramembranous ossification

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1
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3
4

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Osteoblasts secrete bone matrix (osteocytes) – matrix becomes calcified Bone spicules Woven bone
Mesenchymal cells condense and differentiate as osteoblasts
Mesenchyme on outside condenses – periosteum
Remodelling into adult compact and trabeculae bone

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Endochondral ossification

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1
2
3
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Osteoclasts remove woven bone. Forms medullary cavity Fills with red bone marrow
Death of chondrocytes form small cavities
Primary ossification centre grows towards ends. Woven bone
Mesenchyme condenses differentiates as Chondroblasts. These form a cartilage model of the bone.
Nutrient artery enters developing bone via nutrient foramen
Hyaline cartilage remains over the end of the epiphyses. Articular cartilage Hyaline cartilage remains between diaphysis and epiphysis. Epiphyseal growth plate. Lengthwise growth of bone after birth
Blood vessels grow into epiphyses around birth. Secondary ossification centre
Chondroblasts become encased in cartilage matrix
Chondrocytes in centre hypertrophy (increase in size)
Osteoblasts deposit bone matrix over calcified cartilage remnants
Perichondrium forms around cartilage model
Some hypertrophied chondrocytes burst. Changes local pH of matrix triggering calcification
In mid-section thin layer of bone forms around outside of cartilage model and forms periosteum. Bone collar
Capillaries grow into cartilage model – Carry osteogenic cells. Primary ossification centre

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Movements of the scapula

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Elevation
Depression
Protraction
Retraction
upward rotation
Downward rotation

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Trapezius (descending) and serratus anterior (inferior)
Gravity
Trapezius (descending)
Latissimus dorsi
Serratus anterioir
Middle trapezius

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Muscles and movement of the glenohumoral joint

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Chief flexors
Assisting flexors
Chief extensors
Assisting extensors
Chief abductor
Chief adductors
Medial rotation
Lateral roation

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Pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi
Pectoralis major, anterior deltoid
Teres major and triceps brachii
infraspinatus
Deltoid (first 10 degrees are initiated by supraspinatus)
Latissimus dorsi and posterioir deltoid
Coracobrachialis and biceps brachii
Subscapularis

64902

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What is the normal direction of shoulder dislocation

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Explanation

When the joint is jully abducted the humerus is pushed into a weaker part of the joint. The strong flexors and adductors are also likely to pull the head forward.

64904

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In an anterior dislocation of the shoulder what nerve is most likely to be damaged

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64906

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What does the annular ligament do.

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64908

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what are the normal carrying angles for men and women

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64911

240

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Match these conditions to their descriptions

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Nursemaids elbow - dislocation of the proximal radio-ulna joint
Elbow dislocation
Duchenne palsy
Klumpke palsy
Axillary nerve damage
Radial nerve palsy
Ulnar nerve palsy
Musculocutaneous palsy
Median nerve palsy

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The injury of the superoir brachial plexus. Loss of sensation to lateral arm. paralysis of muscles supplied by the damaged nerve roots e.g. deltoid. If there are respiratory problems may have extended to c4, if the wrist is flexed and fingers curled (waiters tip) the c7 involvement.
Paralysis of most of the digit flexors and the thenar muscles (eventual thenar muscle wasting and ape hand) Loss of the sensation to the thumb and index finger. Hand of benediction present when the person is asked to close their hand.
Loss of sensataion to the posterior arm and hand of benediction. Loss of sensation to 1st dorsal interossues web. wrist drop.
Often posterior this is normally due to hyperextension and involves the complete dislocation of the ulna from the head of the humerus.
Often seen in children. The radial head comes loose in the annular ligament
Inferioir brachial plexus injury. less common than upper, requires rapid jerk superoirly of arm or overstretching during birth. Paralysis of the small muscles of the hand, claw hand . Can also get Horners syndrome if the thoracic cord is involved.
Paralysis of the deltoid, loss of sensation to the regimental patch (lateral arm)
Paralysis of the intrinsic hand muscles - claw hand, loss of sensation to the little finger.
Rare. Paralysis of the coracobrachialis, biceps brachi and brachialis. Loss of sensation to large portion fo anteroir arm.

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Boundaries of the cubital fossa

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superioirly
Medially
Laterally
Floor
Roof

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Brachialis and supinator
imaginary line between the epicondyles
Pronator teres
Brachioradialis
brachial and antibrachial fascia, reinforced by bicipital aponeurosis

64915

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Name the contents of the cubital fossa - from medial to lateral

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Locomotor

Question 1 of 1

Time Left

what are the three nerves originating from the lumbar plexus

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

What are the 3 nerves emanating from the sacral plexus

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

Put the stages of walking in order (beginning with the first stage of the stance phase

Match the text (click and drag)

(0/0)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Terminal swing - Limb decelerates forward movement,

Initial contact (Heel strike) - Foot inverted and dorsiflexed as heel makes contact on lateral side

Midstance - Body weight brought over planted foot.

Loading response (flat foot) - Foot brought into full contact, ankle rocker action begins.

Initial swing - foot pushed off ground, limb accelerates forward.

Terminal stance (heel off) - Heel lifted off ground (foot everted and plantar flexed). Body weight advances ahead of single-supporting foot.

Preswing (toe off) - Lower limb positioned to quickly swing forward beneath body, transfer of weight from one limb to other.

Midswing - Limb moves beneath body until tibia of leg is vertical. Foot dorsiflexed to prevent toes dragging on ground.

Match the gaits with their descriptions

Match the text (click and drag)

(0/0)

Scissor gait

Shuffling gait

High stepping gait - (John Thaw’s right leg)

Staccato gait

Quadriceps paralysis

dorsiflexor paralysis = ‘foot drop’, unless leg is lifted higher by exaggerated knee bend. Whole foot tends to slapped on ground rather than heel strike.

knee can only be stabilised by being locked in full extension by bending trunk forward or holding knee back with one hand.

Plantarflexor paralysis = no forward thrust. Unaffected limb never advances beyond affected limb.

Short shuffling steps, rigidity in hip and knee extensors (Parkinson’s disease).

Thigh swings across body during swing phase (spastic gait). Difficulty in putting heel on ground Can be unilateral (stroke or cerebral palsy) or bilateral (cerebral palsy)

Intramembranous ossification

Match the text (click and drag)

(0/0)

1

2

3

4

Osteoblasts secrete bone matrix (osteocytes) – matrix becomes calcified Bone spicules Woven bone

Mesenchymal cells condense and differentiate as osteoblasts

Mesenchyme on outside condenses – periosteum

Remodelling into adult compact and trabeculae bone

Endochondral ossification

Match the text (click and drag)

(0/0)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

Osteoclasts remove woven bone. Forms medullary cavity Fills with red bone marrow

Death of chondrocytes form small cavities

Primary ossification centre grows towards ends. Woven bone

Mesenchyme condenses differentiates as Chondroblasts. These form a cartilage model of the bone.

Nutrient artery enters developing bone via nutrient foramen

Hyaline cartilage remains over the end of the epiphyses. Articular cartilage Hyaline cartilage remains between diaphysis and epiphysis. Epiphyseal growth plate. Lengthwise growth of bone after birth

Blood vessels grow into epiphyses around birth. Secondary ossification centre

Chondroblasts become encased in cartilage matrix

Chondrocytes in centre hypertrophy (increase in size)

Osteoblasts deposit bone matrix over calcified cartilage remnants

Perichondrium forms around cartilage model