the practice of trying to influence another person.

the capacity to influence others.

the extent to which one person is required to follow another person’s commands even though he or she does not want to follow the commands.

any situation where one person is dependent on another person, who is not at all dependent on the first person.

the act of changing another person’s attitudes and behaviors.

hidden agenda

potential

act

duty

need

Power is the actual practice of influencing others.

People cannot have power over others by controlling a desired job assignment, useful information, important resources, or even the privilege of being associated with someone.

Power exists only when one person has something of value for a second person, but the second person has nothing of value for the first person.

Power exists only when the power holder is able to change someone’s behavior.

Power requires interdependence in the relationship.

Countervailing power is one of the ways that people have power by coping with uncertainty.

Countervailing power is a personality characteristic of people who crave power

Countervailing power is the weaker party’s power to maintain the stronger party’s continued participation in the relationship.

Countervailing power prevents anyone else from having any power over you.

Countervailing power is used by the stronger party to prevent the weaker party from leaving the relationship

reverses dependence

countervailing power

legitimate power

substitutability

visibility

the manager has the capacity to influence others on the basis of identification with and respect for the power-holder.

the manager is able to reward or punish the employees

it is agreed that people in certain roles can request certain behaviors of others

the manager can remove negative sanctions.

employees are blinded by the manager s charisma

power holder gives orders outside the employees normal role requirements

manager has a low charisma

employees have a high power distance value

company encourages people to disobey orders that interfere with their work

manager has a very good reward system in place

expert

reward

legitimate

coercive

referent

coercive power

expert power

legitimate power

reward power

referent power

Legitimate power

Coercive power

Reward power

Expert power

Formal power

referent

expert

coercive

reward

legitimate

coercive power.

reward power.

referent power

expert power.

legitimate power.

employees are no longer dependent on each other.

fewer people now attend university than a few decades ago

employers have a higher power distance than in the past.

society is shifting from an industrial to a knowledge based economy

referent and legitimate power are no longer valued in organizations

Prevention, forecasting, absorption

Discretion immediacy prevention

Immediacy forecasting and absorption

Visibility discretion prevention

Visibility, immediacy, pervasiveness

referent

expert

legitimate

coercive

reward