Changes in allele frequencies over time. "Descent with modification."

1) Natural Selection (adaptive, non-random) inc. sex/kin selection 2) Genetic Drift (non-adaptive,random) 3) Artificial Selection/ Experimental Evolution

1) Fundamental Importance 2) Applied importance (antibiotic-resistance) (crop/animal breeding)

1) Lamarck - proposed transmutation of species through time and adaption from simple to complex ones 2) Darwin/Wallace - descent with modification from a common ancestor 3) Modern Synthesis (1932-53) evo is gradual results from small changes acted upon by natural selection

1) Change through time 2) From fossil record 3) Common ancestry

Direction observation (soapberry bug beak length) and Vestigial Organs (wings in flightless birds)

ring species, homology of traits (morphological = bones & molecular = genetic code), relationships among species

1) Individuals in a population to have variation of a trait 2) Variation must be , at least in part, heritable 3) Some individuals are more successful at surviving and reproducing than others 4) The differential survival and reproduction of individuals is nonrandom, relating instead to the variation in the trait

The extent to which an individual contributes genes to the next generation

a trait that increases fitness relative to other members of the population

1) set up a mix of yellow 3:1 white 2) plants varied in pollen donated, therefore white flowers increased bee visits increased seeds 3) so, white plants had greater reproductive success (fitness) 4) F2: more white, had evolved

1) variation? YES - large sample size 2) heritable? YES 3) vary in sex/survival? YES - 67% survived 76/77 drought 4) non random? YES - less/harder seeds in drought so beak size increased

1) acts on individuals but consequences occur in populations 2) acts on phenotypes but changes in phenotype must be heritable 3) NOT FORWARD LOOKING only present 4)Acts on existing traits but new traits can evolve by mutation etc

5) Leads to adaption but not perfection e.g mosquito fish habitat context 6) is non random but NOT PROGRESSIVE e.g snakes now less complex 7) acts on individuals not for good of species

differential reproductive success due to variation in mating success