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block

Metabolic pathways in cells are typically far from equilibrium. Which of the following processes tend(s) to keep these pathways away from equilibrium?

Select the correct answer(s).  

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A.      the continuous removal of the products of a pathway to be used in other reactions

A, B, and C are correct.

A. an input of free energy from outside the pathway

A and B are correct.

A. an input of heat from the environment

none

Which of the following determines the sign of ΔG for a reaction?

Select the correct answer(s).  

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the free energy of the reactants

the free energy of the products

the free energy of the reactants and the free energy of the products

the enzyme catalyzing the reaction having a low affinity for the products

the enzyme catalyzing the reaction having a high affinity (strength of binding) for the reactants

none

Which of the following states the relevance of the first law of thermodynamics to biology?

Select the correct answer(s).  

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Energy is destroyed as glucose is broken down during cellular respiration

Photosynthetic organisms produce energy in sugars from sunlight.

Energy can be freely transformed among different forms as long as the total energy is conserved.

The total energy taken in by an organism must be greater than the total energy stored or released by the organism.

Living organisms must increase the entropy of their surroundings.

none

Which is the most abundant form of energy in a cell?

Select the correct answer(s).  

(0/0)

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heat

chemical energy

electrochemical gradients

mechanical energy

kinetic energy

none

Which of the following has the most free energy per molecule?

Select the correct answer(s).  

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a starch molecule

an amino acid molecule

a sugar molecule

a cholesterol molecule

a fatty acid molecule

none

In general, the hydrolysis of ATP drives cellular work by _____.

Select the correct answer(s).  

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releasing free energy that can be coupled to other reactions

releasing heat

acting as a catalyst

changing to ADP and phosphate

lowering the free energy of the reaction

none

An exergonic (spontaneous) reaction is a chemical reaction that _____.

Select the correct answer(s).  

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leads to a decrease in the entropy of the universe

cannot occur outside of a living cell

is common in anabolic pathways

releases energy when proceeding in the forward direction

occurs only when an enzyme or other catalyst is present

none

If the entropy of a living organism is decreasing, which of the following is most likely to be occurring simultaneously?

Select the correct answer(s).  

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In this situation, the second law of thermodynamics must not apply.

The entropy of the organism's environment must also be decreasing.

The first law of thermodynamics is being violated.

Heat is being used by the organism as a source of energy.

Energy input into the organism must be occurring to drive the decrease in entropy.

none

Which of the following is an example of the second law of thermodynamics as it applies to biological reactions?

Select the correct answer(s).  

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A and B are correct.

B. All types of cellular respiration produce ATP.

A, B, and C are correct.

C. Cellular respiration releases some energy as heat.

A. The aerobic respiration of one molecule of glucose produces six molecules each of carbon dioxide and water.

none

Organisms are described as thermodynamically open systems. Which of the following statements is consistent with this description?

Select the correct answer(s).  

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The metabolism of an organism is isolated from its surroundings.

All of the listed responses are correct.

Because energy must be conserved, organisms constantly recycle energy and thus need no input of energy.

Heat produced by the organism is conserved in the organism and not lost to the environment.

Organisms acquire energy from, and lose energy to, their surroundings.

none

According to the second law of thermodynamics, which of the following is true?

Select the correct answer(s).  

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The decrease in entropy associated with life must be compensated for by increased entropy in the environment in which life exists.

All reactions produce some heat.

The entropy of the universe is constantly decreasing.

Energy conversions increase the order in the universe.

The total amount of energy in the universe is constant.

none

Which part of the equation ΔG = ΔH - TΔS tells you if a process is spontaneous?

Select the correct answer(s).  

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ΔH

ΔS

ΔG

All of these values reveal the direction in which a reaction will go.

TΔS

none

When one molecule is broken down into six component molecules, which of the following will always be true?

Select the correct answer(s).  

(0/0)

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ΔH is negative.

ΔS is negative.

An input of free energy is needed.

ΔS is positive.

ΔG is positive.

none

Which of the following correctly states the relationship between anabolic and catabolic pathways?

Select the correct answer(s).  

(0/0)

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Degradation of organic molecules by anabolic pathways provides the energy to drive catabolic pathways.

Energy derived from catabolic pathways is used to drive the breakdown of organic molecules in anabolic pathways.

Catabolic pathways produce usable cellular energy by synthesizing more complex organic molecules.

Anabolic pathways synthesize more complex organic molecules using the energy derived from catabolic pathways.

The flow of energy between catabolic and anabolic pathways is reversible.

none

Which of the following situations does not represent an energy transformation?

Select the correct answer(s).  

(0/0)

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All of the listed responses represent energy transformations.

the coupling of ATP hydrolysis to the production of a proton gradient across a membrane by a proton pump

the release of carbon dioxide as glucose is broken down during cellular respiration

the production of sugars from carbon dioxide and water during photosynthesis

the production of ATP using phosphate from the breakdown of glucose