Endocrine Pathophysiology

endocrine-pathophysiology

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Question 1 of 1

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511797

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When comparing the endocrine and nervous system functions, the nurse knows that the endocrine system: Select all that apply.

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Explanation

The endocrine system uses chemical messengers called hormones as a means of controlling the flow of information between the different tissues and organs of the body. It does not act alone, however, but interacts with the nervous system to coordinate and integrate the activity of body cells. Hormones regulate and integrate body functions. Hormones act on specific target cells, but they cause a variety of effects on tissues. Hormones do not transport other substances; hormones are transported and present in body fluids at all times. The endocrine system uses hormones released into the blood and transported throughout the body to influence the activity of body tissues. Tissue and organ responses to endocrine hormones tend to take much longer than the response to neurotransmitters, but once initiated, they tend to be much more prolonged than those induced by the nervous system. The glands of the endocrine system are widely scattered throughout the body.

511798

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Paracrine action involves which of the following characteristics?

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Explanation

When hormones act locally on cells other than those that produced the hormone, the action is called paracrine. Paracrine action is not synonymous with autoregulation, and action on the same cells that produced the hormone is autocrine action.

511799

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While teaching a science class, the instructor mentions that both autocrine and paracrine hormonal actions occur without entering the blood stream. The instructor then asks the students, “What cells do paracrine actions affect?” The student with the correct answer is:

Select the correct answer(s).

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Explanation

Paracrine actions are hormonal interactions with local cells other than those that produce the hormone; autocrine actions are with self-cells (cells from which they were produced). Both autocrine and paracrine hormonal actions affect target cells. Neither paracrine nor autocrine actions affect cell storage.

511801

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The release of insulin from the pancreatic beta cells can inhibit its further release from the same cells. This is an example of which type of hormone action?

Select the correct answer(s).

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Explanation

Hormones can exert autocrine action on the cells from which they were produced. Retinoids are compounds with hormone-like actions. Juxtacrine action involves a chemical messenger imbedded in a plasma membrane that interacts with a specific receptor on a juxtaposed cell. Arachidonic acid is a precursor for eicosanoid compounds (similar to retinoids).

511802

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Hormones are usually divided into categories according to their structure. The release of epinephrine would be classified as:

Select the correct answer(s).

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Explanation

Hormones are divided into three categories according to their structures: amines and amino acids; polypeptides, proteins, and glycoproteins; and steroids. The amine and amino acid hormones include norepinephrine and epinephrine, which are derived from a single amino acid (i.e., tyrosine). The peptide, polypeptide, protein, and glycoprotein hormones can be as small as thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which contains three amino acids, and as large, and as large and complex as growth hormone (GH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Steroid hormones, such as the glucocorticoids, are derivatives of cholesterol.

511804

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A hormone has been synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of an endocrine cell after which it has moved into the Golgi complex, been packaged in a vesicle, and been released into circulation. From the following list, which hormone is synthesized and released in this manner?

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Explanation

Insulin is a peptide hormone; as such, its synthesis and release are vesicle mediated. Glucocorticoids (such as cortisol), androgens (such as testosterone), and estrogens are synthesized by non–vesicle-mediated pathways.

511806

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Which of the following hormones are synthesized by non–vesicle-mediated pathways? Select all that apply.

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Explanation

Glucocorticoids, androgens, estrogens, and mineralocorticoids (aldosterone is an example of a mineralocorticoid) are all hormones synthesized by non–vesicle-mediated pathways. Epinephrine and insulin are synthesized by vesicle-mediated pathways.

511807

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When trying to explain hypothyroidism to a newly diagnosed client, the nurse stresses the fact that the thyroid hormone is transported in blood by specific:

Select the correct answer(s).

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Explanation

Some hormones, such as steroids and thyroid hormone, are bound to protein carriers for transportation to the target cell destination. The extent of carrier binding influences the rate at which hormones leave the blood and enter the cells. Cholesterol is a precursor for steroid hormone. Prohormones have an extra amino acid and are converted to hormones in the Golgi complex.

511808

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As part of maintaining homeostasis, hormones secreted by endocrine cells are inactivated continuously to:

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Explanation

Continuous inactivation of secreted hormones is necessary to prevent accumulation that could disrupt the feedback mechanism. Increased secretion stimulates production of more receptor sites. Metabolic waste absorption is not a function of the endocrine system.

511809

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While discussing the elimination of hormones from the body to prevent overaccumulation, which of the following hormones are eliminated in bile? Select all that apply.

Select the correct answer(s).

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Explanation

Steroid hormones are bound to protein carriers for transport and are inactive in the bound state. Unbound adrenal and gonadal steroid hormones are conjugated in the liver, which renders them inactive, and then excreted in the bile or urine. Thyroid hormones also are transported by carrier molecules. The free hormone is rendered inactive by the removal of amino acids in the tissues, and the hormone is conjugated in the liver and eliminated in the bile. The catecholamine production is measured by some of their metabolites. In general, peptide hormones also have a short life span in the circulation. Their major mechanism of degradation is through binding to cell surface receptors, with subsequent uptake and degradation by peptide-splitting enzymes in the cell membrane or inside the cell.

511811

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When explaining factors that influence the number of receptors present on target cells, the instructor will likely mention: Select all that apply.

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Explanation

Target cell response varies with the number and affinity of the relevant receptors. The number of hormone receptors on a cell may be altered for any of several reasons. Antibodies may destroy or block the receptor proteins. Increased or decreased hormone levels often induce changes in the activity of the genes that regulate receptor synthesis. For example, decreased hormone levels often produce an increase in receptor numbers by means of a process called up-regulation; this increases the sensitivity of the body to existing hormone levels. Likewise, sustained levels of excess hormone often bring about a decrease in receptor numbers by down-regulation, producing a decrease in hormone sensitivity.

511813

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Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) performs which of the following roles in the functioning of the endocrine system?

Select the correct answer(s).

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Explanation

cAMP is one of the most common second messengers, whose role is to generate an intracellular signal in response to cell surface receptor activation by a hormone. cAMP does not mediate hormone synthesis, act as a receptor itself, or inactivate hormones.

511814

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Thyroid and steroid hormones, which exert their effect on target cells by way of nuclear receptors, have which of the following characteristics?

Select the correct answer(s).

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Explanation

Hormones that utilize nuclear receptors enter the target cell (i.e., cross the cell membrane) and bind to receptors in the cell nucleus that are gene regulatory proteins. These hormones do not selectively utilize second messengers, and they do not interact with surface receptors. They are not both lipid and water soluble.

511815

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A diabetic client is controlled on Avandia (rosiglitazone), a thiazolidinedione medication that acts at the level of nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) to promote:

Select the correct answer(s).

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Explanation

The thiazolidinedione medications, which are used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, act at the level of nuclear PPAR-gamma receptors to promote glucose uptake and utilization by adipose tissue cells. These drugs do not increase release of insulin from the pancreas, increase BMR, or promote weight loss.

511817

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When describing to a newly diagnosed diabetic client how insulin is regulated, the nurse will draw upon her knowledge of which hormonal regulation mechanism?

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

Explanation

The hypophysis (pituitary plus hypothalamus) and hypothalamus stimulatory hormones regulate the release and synthesis of anterior pituitary hormones. The levels of hormones such as insulin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are regulated by feedback mechanisms that monitor substances such as glucose (insulin) and water (ADH) in the body. The levels of many of the hormones are regulated by feedback mechanisms that involve the hypothalamic–pituitary–target cell system.

Endocrine Pathophysiology

Question 1 of 1

Time Left

When comparing the endocrine and nervous system functions, the nurse knows that the endocrine system: Select all that apply.

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

Explanation

Paracrine action involves which of the following characteristics?

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

Explanation

While teaching a science class, the instructor mentions that both autocrine and paracrine hormonal actions occur without entering the blood stream. The instructor then asks the students, “What cells do paracrine actions affect?” The student with the correct answer is:

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

Explanation

The release of insulin from the pancreatic beta cells can inhibit its further release from the same cells. This is an example of which type of hormone action?

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

Explanation

Hormones are usually divided into categories according to their structure. The release of epinephrine would be classified as:

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

Explanation

A hormone has been synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of an endocrine cell after which it has moved into the Golgi complex, been packaged in a vesicle, and been released into circulation. From the following list, which hormone is synthesized and released in this manner?

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

Explanation

Which of the following hormones are synthesized by non–vesicle-mediated pathways? Select all that apply.

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

Explanation

When trying to explain hypothyroidism to a newly diagnosed client, the nurse stresses the fact that the thyroid hormone is transported in blood by specific:

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

Explanation

As part of maintaining homeostasis, hormones secreted by endocrine cells are inactivated continuously to:

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

Explanation

While discussing the elimination of hormones from the body to prevent overaccumulation, which of the following hormones are eliminated in bile? Select all that apply.

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

Explanation

When explaining factors that influence the number of receptors present on target cells, the instructor will likely mention: Select all that apply.

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

Explanation

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) performs which of the following roles in the functioning of the endocrine system?

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

Explanation

Thyroid and steroid hormones, which exert their effect on target cells by way of nuclear receptors, have which of the following characteristics?

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

Explanation

A diabetic client is controlled on Avandia (rosiglitazone), a thiazolidinedione medication that acts at the level of nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) to promote:

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

Explanation

When describing to a newly diagnosed diabetic client how insulin is regulated, the nurse will draw upon her knowledge of which hormonal regulation mechanism?

Select the correct answer(s).

(0/0)

Explanation

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