The Stern Layer, inner layer and the diffuse layer, outer layer.

- approximately equal to the hydration radius of the specifically adsorbed ions - Ions whose centres are inside the layer form the Stern Layer

Electric fields are large closest and potential tends to decay at an exponential rate

Linearly step in the stern layer than decreases in the diffuse layer

Peak up and exponential decline

They have different signs, big dip down past zero than exponential increase negatively to form an asymptote with 0.

- Direction, depends on the charge sign - Speed, depends on the charge magnitude

It is the potential at the plane of shear

pH where the zeta potential is zero and te net surface charge is zero.

Usually the same as the IEP (pH where zeta potential is 0. Except it is when polyvalent ions are specifically adsorbed to the surface

Double Layer Overlap, where ionic concentration is greater than the bulk

- The overlap of the electric potential distributions (Maxwell Stress) - the overlap in ion concentration (Osmotic pressure)

A parabola. U shape one

Reduction in thickness leading to colloid instability

EDL overlap generating inter-particle repulsive forces and they will repel