from puberty until death.

from 10 to 19 years old.

from puberty until maturity as a young adult.

from 14 to 25 years old for males and from 12 to 21 years old for females.

from puberty to 25 years old.

all of the above.

four or five consults in a transition clinic.

management decisions by an adolescent urology team toward the end of transition.

identification of a destination adolescent clinic.

establishment of a care plan for the patient in late childhood.

board certification (or equivalent) in pediatric urology.

all of the above.

board certification (or equivalent) in adolescent medicine.

1 year of training in psychology.

board certification (or equivalent) in urology.

if proteinuria exceeds 50 mg/mmol creatinine (0.5 g/d), renal functional deterioration is inevitable.

once renal functional deterioration begins, it will usually progress at more than 3 mL/min/yr.

end-stage renal failure within 16 years is unlikely with a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 40 mL/min/1.75 m2.

end-stage renal failure can be prevented with early prescription of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.

ablation of posterior urethral valves in the first week of life prevents endstage renal failure in adulthood.

Women with spina bifida

Women with exstrophy

Women with a GFR below 40 mL/min/m2

Women with intestinal neobladders

Women with simple (nonsalt-wasting) congenital adrenal hyperplasia

20% to 29%

40% to 49%

10% to 19%

30% to 39%

50% to 59%