increased visualization.

cosmesis.

decreased convalescence.

shorter hospital stay.

increased control of cancer margins.

pulmonary hypertension.

sepsis.

malignancy.

hemophilia.

von Willebrand disease.

Half of the height in centimeters equals half of the intra-abdominal space in liters.

An eighth of the height in centimeters equals half of the intra-abdominal space in liters.

Half of the height in centimeters equals a fourth of the intra-abdominal space in liters.

Half of the height in centimeters equals an eighth of the intra-abdominal space in liters.

An eighth of the height in centimeters equals an eighth of the intraabdominal space in liters.

Bipolar devices provided a more secure seal up to 7-mm vessels; however, the ultrasonic devices had less thermal spread and used less surgical time.

Bipolar devices provided a more secure seal up to 7-mm vessels; however, the ultrasonic devices had less thermal spread and used more surgical time.

Bipolar devices provided a more secure seal up to 7-mm vessels; however, the ultrasonic devices had more thermal spread and used less surgical time.

Bipolar devices provided a more secure seal up to 8-mm vessels; however, the ultrasonic devices had less thermal spread and used less surgical time.

Bipolar devices provided a less secure seal up to 7-mm vessels; however, the ultrasonic devices had less thermal spread and used less surgical time.

It increases gastric emptying.

It decreases intracranial pressure.

It is flammable.

It increases bowel distention.

It increases hypercarbia.

The heart rate and mean arterial pressure stay constant, while the venous return and cardiac output decrease.

The heart rate and mean arterial pressure decrease, while the venous return and cardiac output decrease.

The heart rate and mean arterial pressure increase, while the venous return and cardiac output increase.

The heart rate and mean arterial pressure decrease, while the venous return and cardiac output increase.

The heart rate and mean arterial pressure increase, while the venous return and cardiac output decrease.

decreased creatinine clearance.

decreased renal blood flow.

decreased urine output.

decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

decreased long-term renal reserve.

pulmonary hypertension.

increased heart rate.

increased cardiac contractility.

vasodilation.

increased intracranial pressure.

superiorly: the diaphragm.

anteriorly: the mobile posterior parietal peritoneum and its contents.

posteriorly: the paraspinous, psoas, and quadratus lumborum muscles, which are anatomically fixed structures.

inferiorly: contiguous with the extraperitoneal portions of the pelvis.

laterally: the skin and subcutaneous fat.

The patient should be placed in reverse Trendelenburg position with the left side up to trap the air embolus in the right atrium.

Nothing needs to be done because it is completely reversible.

The patient should be placed in Trendelenburg position with the right side up to trap the air embolus in the right atrium.

The patient should be placed in reverse Trendelenburg position with the left side up to trap the air embolus in the left atrium.

The patient should be placed in reverse Trendelenburg position with the right side up to trap the air embolus in the right atrium.