Albumin

Globulin

Human kallikrein

α2-Macroglobulin (MG)

α1-Antichymotrypsin (ACT)

Prostate volume

Age

ACT concentration

Age, race, and prostate volume

Race

enlargement.

manipulation.

All of the above.

inflammation.

cancer.

Repeat the PSA measurement after a period of observation.

All of the above.

Give a 4 week course of doxycycline, then repeat PSA.

Give a 2-week course of fluoroquinolones, then repeat PSA.

Repeat the measurement after cystoscopy.

Percent free PSA

PSA density

PSA velocity

All of the above

PSA transition zone density

4 ng/mL

12 ng/mL

6 ng/mL

8 ng/mL

2 ng/mL

PSA

Human glandular kallikrein (hK2)

Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)

Digital rectal exam (DRE)

Combination of DRE and TRUS

Imaging can accurately identify all cases of pelvic lymph node metastases.

A goal of staging is to predict prognosis.

PSA and DRE are components of the staging evaluation.

Staging facilitates the selection of rational therapy on the basis of predicted extent of disease.

Pelvic lymphadenectomy is the gold standard for the detection of pelvic lymph node metastases.

serum PSA.

histologic grade.

all of the above.

bone scan.

DRE.

PSA.

tumor volume.

surgical margin status.

capsular penetration.

seminal vesicle involvement.

(a) Positive surgical margins

Both a and b

(b) Seminal vesicle involvement

Both b and c

(c) Lymph node involvement

pelvic lymph node involvement.

a bilateral nerve-sparing prostatectomy should not be considered.

low-grade disease at radical prostatectomy.

organ-confined disease.

a greater likelihood of capsular penetration.

Serum PSA has no predictive value for staging.

One hundred percent of men with a PSA value greater than 50 ng/mL have pelvic lymph node involvement.

Twenty-five percent of men with a PSA value less than 4 ng/mL have organ-confined disease.

Ten percent of men with a PSA value greater than 10 ng/mL have extraprostatic extension.

Seventy percent or more of men with a PSA value between 4 and 10 ng/mL have organ-confined disease.

Primary grade ranges from 1 to 5.

The presence of a Gleason primary or secondary grade 4 or 5 on any biopsy specimen is predictive of poorer prognosis.

The primary grade represents the second-largest area of cancer on the biopsy specimen.

Secondary grade and primary grade are summed to provide a Gleason score (2 to 10).

Secondary grade ranges from 1 to 5.

(d) Clinical stage

a, c, and d are all correct.

(b) Number of positive biopsy cores

(a) PSA

(c) Gleason score