Organisms that (in)directly moderate resource availability to other species by causing physical state changes in biotic/abiotic materials

Species that have a disproportionately large effect on their environment relative to their abundance.

The manner in which a species is spatially arranged. Can also be called the ‘species geographic range’.

an event that kills or damages some organisms and thereby creating opportunities for other organisms to grow and reproduce.

rate at which plants incorporate atmospheric carbon through photosynthesis. Represents rate of energy made available for consumption by herbivores

Temperature decrease by approximately 6'C per 1000m in altitude. e.g. Mount Kilimanjaro

Dispersal of spores or seeds by being carried on the surface of an animal.

Seed dispersal via ingestion by vertebrate animals (mostly birds and mammals)

e.g. Seed dispersal by a car.

transportation of one organism by another, more mobile one.

Reduced number of niches and, in turn, reduced biodiversity

‘abiotic or biotic feature that totally or partially restricts the movement of genes or individuals for one population to another’

Boreal Forest, Arctic Tundra. Temperature typically declines from the equator/inbetween the tropics towards poles and with increasing altitude. Precipitation is more complicated, typically highest in equatorial/tropical regions, near oceans and mountainous areas.

The ability of an organism to survive and reproduce.

beneficial to both species (++)