Free riders

Usually just wanting to join the group

Freeloaders

Been declining in recent years, except in the public sector

Been growing, especially since 2000

Stayed about the same since Great Depression

Sendin out large numbers of direct-mail advertising pieces

Attempts at weakening other interest groups

Hiring lobbyists to argue their positions with members of congress

Professionals

Activists

Constituents

Astroturf lobbying

Climate control

Rifle techn.

Opposition to new legislation by Democratic members of Congress

Many legislators are proud of "pork" spending and are happy to tell their constiutents about it.

Opposition to new legislation by Republican presidents

Party organization, party in government, and the party in the electorate

The party-in-the-electorate, the party organiz., and members of the party

Party in gov, the party in the electorate, lobbyists for that party

Dem. and Republicans

Federalists and Republicans

Whigs and Democrats

Establishment of a divided govt.

Political dealignment

Realigning election

During the 1960s

During the Great Depression of the 1930s

At the beginning of the twentieth century

No need for everyone to vote in each election

When no one receives 50% of the vote, a runoff election is held

Candidate w/ the largest # of votes wins, even if the winner does not receive 50% or more of the votes