vesicoureteral reflux.

urinary tract dilatation.

deficiency of abdominal wall musculature.

urachal pseudodiverticulum.

palpable undescended testes.

The male “pseudo-prune” phenotype is protected from renal failure.

The patient will likely be infertile.

Testicular descent will not occur spontaneously.

A substantial risk of renal failure exists.

Chronic constipation and ineffective cough may result from abdominal wall laxity.

Renal

Endocrine

Cardiac

Pulmonary

Gastrointestinal

ureteral dilatation with failure of luminal coaptation during peristalsis.

failure of propagation of an electrical conduction due to increased fibrous connective tissue.

abnormal myofilament content in smooth muscle cells.

more severe proximal ureteral dysfunction with failure to conduct a urinary bolus from the renal pelvis.

reduced smooth muscle tissue.

elevated voiding pressures and detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia.

high-amplitude uninhibited contractions.

absent sensation.

poor compliance.

poorly contractile detrusor or myogenic failure.

early fetal ascites.

ambiguous genitalia.

irregular abdominal wall circumferences.

hydroureteronephrosis.

distended bladder.

That vesicoureteral reflux occurs at low pressures and does not represent a threat to renal parenchyma

That spontaneous improvement in dilatation of the urinary tract generally occurs after puberty

That the risk of obstruction after ureteral reimplantation always outweighs the benefit

That operative risks in this patient population are excessive

None of the above

Reduction cystoplasty is indicated when bladder capacity becomes greater than expected for age.

Internal urethrotomy improves postvoid residual urine volumes without risk of incontinence.

Routine intermittent catheterization should be used to improve postvoid residual urine volumes in all patients.

Reduction cystoplasty permanently improves bladder dynamics.

Internal urethrotomy should be specifically based on pressure-flow studies.

It requires a microvascular testicular autotransplantation because of the high intra-abdominal position.

It should never involve use of the Fowler-Stephens technique because of unreliability of the collateral testicular blood supply.

It can be best accomplished by transperitoneal mobilization before 1 year of age.

It is performed if spontaneous descent fails to occur by 2 years of age.

It maintains endocrine function but has no potential to preserve spermatogenesis.

pulmonary hypoplasia.

urinary ascites.

distended bladder.

oligohydramnios.

urethral atresia and progressive oligohydramnios.

stabilization and then vesicostomy if anesthetic risk permits.

percutaneous drainage of the upper urinary tract after stabilization.

evaluation of pulmonary status and voiding cystourethrogram to rule out posterior urethral valves and reflux.

evaluation of pulmonary status, renal ultrasonographic study, and prophylactic antibiotics.

stabilization and then bilateral cutaneous ureterostomy if anesthetic risk permits.

results in retrograde ejaculation.

is dilated and associated with bladder neck hypertrophy on a voiding cystogram.

is sometimes associated with congenital urethral obstruction resulting in megalourethra.

is characterized by none of the above.

is associated with a hypoplastic prostate with decreased epithelium and increased smooth muscle.