Many different techniques for laparoscopic approach have been described

Can be performed in patients of all ages

Has an overall higher success rate than endopyelotomy

Can be performed after a failed previous pyeloplasty

Discounted early as unacceptable due to degree of difficulty

fascial closure devices facilitate closure in the obese patient.

trocar hernias may be closed at the bedside with local anesthesia.

closing fascial wounds more than 3 mm is recommended.

omentum is the most common herniated intraabdominal structure.

all of the above are true.

Laxity of the infant abdominal wall can limit exposure due to compression.

Visibility is usually a problem.

Cannula fixation is a common problem in pediatric laparoscopy.

Sutures may be passed through the anterior abdominal wall.

For lower abdominal procedures, infants are best positioned across the foot of the bed.

ventilatory compromise.

decreased renal perfusion.

compartmental syndrome.

abdominal adhesions.

hypothermia.

Septic shock

Weight

Spinal deformity

Previous abdominal surgery

Intestinal malrotation

high-frequency ventilation.

evaporation.

room temperature insufflation.

cold room temperature.

abdominal irrigation.

higher insufflation pressures are needed.

hitch stitches are helpful.

an insufflation needle works well in most children, because the abdominal wall is thin.

bladeless optical trocars for the camera port might be helpful.

a suture can be placed from the skin at the entry site to the cannula to keep the cannula from sliding off if rapid desufflation is encountered.

It may be due to acute infections, nephropathies, and other medical conditions that cause significant increases in urinary output that overwhelm maximal peristalsis.

It is caused by an aperistaltic juxtavesical segment that is unable to propagate urine at acceptable rates of flow.

None of the above

It most commonly occurs with neurogenic and nonneurogenic voiding dysfunction or infravesical obstructions such as posterior urethral valves.

It is diagnosed when reflux, obstruction, and secondary causes of dilatation are ruled out.

It is caused by an aperistaltic juxtavesical segment that is unable to propagate urine at acceptable rates of flow.

It is diagnosed when reflux, obstruction, and secondary causes of dilatation are ruled out.

None of the above

It may be due to acute infections, nephropathies, and other medical conditions that cause significant increases in urinary output that overwhelm maximal peristalsis.

It most commonly occurs with neurogenic and nonneurogenic voiding dysfunction or infravesical obstructions such as posterior urethral valves.

It is diagnosed once reflux, obstruction, and secondary causes of dilatation are ruled out.

It may be due to acute infections, nephropathies, and other medical conditions that cause significant increases in urinary output that overwhelm maximal peristalsis.

It most commonly occurs with neurogenic and nonneurogenic voiding dysfunction or infravesical obstructions such as posterior urethral valves.

It is caused by an aperistaltic juxtavesical segment that is unable to propagate urine at acceptable rates of flow.

None of the above

None of the above

It most commonly occurs with neurogenic and nonneurogenic voiding dysfunction or infravesical obstructions such as posterior urethral valves.

It is diagnosed once reflux, obstruction, and secondary causes of dilatation are ruled out.

It may be due to acute infections, nephropathies, and other medical conditions that cause significant increases in urinary output that overwhelm maximal peristalsis.

It is caused by an aperistaltic juxtavesical segment that is unable to propagate urine at acceptable rates of flow.

As long as renal function is not significantly affected and urinary infections do not become a problem, expectant management is preferred.

Antibiotic suppression is appropriate in most cases.

Close radiographic surveillance is appropriate in most cases.

None of the above

All of the above

Excisional tapering is preferred for the moderately dilated ureter.

Ureteral tailoring is usually necessary to achieve the proper length-to-diameter ratio required of successful reimplants.

Patients usually have such massively dilated and tortuous ureters that straightening with removal of excess length and proximal revision becomes necessary.

Plication or infolding is useful for the more severely dilated ureter.

Narrowing the ureter may theoretically lead to less effective peristalsis.