an increased level of parasympathetic stimulation.

endorphinergic effects at the sacral spinal cord level.

an increase in peripheral circulation.

endorphinergic effects at the lumbar spinal cord level.

inhibitory somatovisceral reflexes.

It may be performed using local anesthesia.

Significant improvement is often seen in neurogenic detrusor overactivity.

The most consistent symptomatic improvement is seen in interstitial cystitis.

Bladder rupture is seen in 10% to 15% of cases.

Intravesical pressure during the procedure should be equal to diastolic pressure.

frequency of urinary tract infections (UTIs).

capacity.

postvoid residual.

the frequency of clean intermittent catheterization (CIC).

detrusor contractility.

Patients with pure sphincteric incontinence will obtain the best results.

Urethral pressure should be released at least twice per day.

They should be removed while sleeping.

Pressure-related injuries may occur in patients with altered cognition.

The lowest pressure that relieves incontinence should be used.

they have a lower incidence of bacteriuria.

fewer infection stones develop.

fewer symptomatic urinary tract infections occur.

they have a lower overall incidence of death.

all of the above apply.

with decreased outlet resistance.

with high-pressure detrusor overactivity.

who are obese.

under the age of 2.

with vesicoureteral reflux.

It significantly decreases colonization of the lower urinary tract.

It avoids the complications of a long-term indwelling catheter.

It may be reversed or converted to an ileal conduit.

It maintains transurethral access to the upper tracts.

It maintains the ureteral antireflux mechanism.

It may lead to malignant lesions of the skin.

It is manifested by inflammation of the skin with redness and edema.

It promotes candidiasis and bacterial infections.

It predominately occurs in skin folds.

It may be caused by infrequent pad changes.

The main indication is urethral destruction after prolonged catheter drainage.

Complete closure of the bladder neck is rarely necessary.

Reflex sphincteric activity may result in disruption of the bladder neck closure.

An obstructing sling or artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) is rarely feasible, if less than 1╯cm of urethra exists.

The transvaginal approach has decreased the postoperative fistula rate.

Unstimulated graciloplasty may cause significant passive obstruction.

A free, innervated flap of proximal gracilis muscle is more easily transposed around the urethra and has shown encouraging results in human studies.

Allogenic muscle-derived progenitor cells (MDPC) injected directly into the sphincter can improve the contraction amplitude.

Electrical stimulation can transform type 2 muscle fibers into type 1 fibers.

Unstimulated graciloplasty may require prolonged leg adduction.

changes in detrusor function.

development of smooth sphincter dyssynergia.

fibrosis at the sphincterotomy site.

an increase in outlet resistance due to prostatic obstruction.

segmental reinnervation and muscular regrowth of the sphincter.

Trigger voiding can be induced by digital rectal stimulation.

Rhythmic suprapubic manual pressure is usually the most effective method for trigger voiding.

Trigger voiding can be induced by squeezing the clitoris.

Trigger voiding induces a reflex decrease in outlet resistance in patients with detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia.

Reflex contractions can be generated by using somatic motor axons to innervate parasympathetic bladder ganglia cells.