urinary urgency.

idiopathic nonobstructive urinary retention.

interstitial cystitis.

urgency urinary incontinence.

urinary frequency.

A 36-year-old woman with a history of interstitial cystitis with minimal pain who voids between 20 and 25 times per day

A 41-year-old woman with urgency urinary incontinence

A 65-year-old insulin-dependent diabetic man with bladder areflexia and nonobstructive urinary retention

A 55-year-old woman status post vaginal sling surgery and urgency urinary incontinence

A 67-year-old woman status post cerebrovascular accident and now with urinary urgency and frequency

(c) Bladder bladder

(b) Bladder afferent loop

(a) Guarding

a and b

(d) Bladder urethral

(c) Abnormal sexual function

c and d

(d) Pelvic and lower extremity sensory or motor abnormalities

(a) Pelvic pain

(b) Creation of bladder areflexia

Plantarflexion of the entire foot with sensation in the leg and buttock

Bellows reflex (levator contraction) and sensation of pulling of the rectum

Dorsiflexion of the great toe and bellows reflex and pulling sensation in the rectum, scrotum, or vagina

Levator reflex (bellows reflex) and sensations in the leg and buttock

Plantarflexion of the first three toes of the foot and sensation of pulling in the rectum or vagina

Heating of the pacemaker itself

Heating of the electrical leads

Potential of dislodgement of the pacemaker

Potentially fatal arrhythmias

Significant neuromuscular injury risk

Mild symptoms with no potential need for future MRI

Areflexic bladder

Bedridden with significant functional incontinence

A poorly compliant bladder

Detrusor sphincter dyssynergy

(b) 11╯cm from the tip of the coccyx

(a) 9╯cm from the tip of the coccyx

(c) 13╯cm from the tip of the coccyx

a and d

(d) The inferior aspect of the sacral iliac joints

lack of data on growth of the spinal cord and nerve roots in the setting of neuromodulation devices.

potential worsening of neuromuscular function due to bony abnormalities (spina bifida and myelomeningocele).

worsening of bowel function (Hinman bladder syndrome).

excellent results with noninvasive therapies (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) and therefore no reason to perform more invasive sacral neuromodulation in the long term.

lack of efficacy.

anticholinergic therapy.

bladder augmentation.

vaginal sling procedure.

bilateral stimulation.

radical cystectomy and ileal conduit.

It is a pure sensory afferent nerve branch of the pudendal nerve.

It has been proposed as a contributor to the pudendal pelvic nerve reflex.

Proximally, it carries sensory information from the hypogastric nerve.

Specific branches include the dorsal nerve of the penis in males and clitoral nerve in females.

It is an afferent nerve that carries sensory information.

irrigation of the pocket.

oral antibiotics.

intravenous antibiotics.

removal of the entire device.

a and c

Unipolar measurements are most useful for identifying open circuits during impedance testing.

If there is too much resistance, no current will flow (open).

If there is too little resistance, excessive current will flow.

Impedance is best described as the resistance of flow of electrons through a circuit.

If there is a broken circuit, electrons cannot flow and this will result in low impedance measurements.

It is used most often in patients with insufficient or nonreflex micturition after spinal cord injury.

It is usually coupled with sacral posterior rhizotomy.

It works best in a state of long-term areflexic bladder function.

Electrodes are applied extradurally to S2, S3, and S4 nerve roots.

It requires intact neuron pathways between the sacral cord and nuclei, pelvic nerve, and bladder to function.

defecation.

pelvic musculature contraction.

ejaculation.

erection.

bladder neck opening.