related to effective voiding of urine.

a single functional unit.

predominantly dependent on the sphincter mechanisms.

directly reflected by associated lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).

predominantly dependent on the bladder.

a quantitative indicator of lower urinary tract dysfunction.

purely subjective in nature.

useful in making a specific diagnosis of lower urinary tract dysfunction.

more useful than signs.

most troublesome when they affect voiding.

an accurate clinical diagnosis.

a urodynamic diagnosis.

part of the diagnosis of “mixed symptoms” when associated with urgency incontinence.

a collection of storage symptoms characterized by frequency.

a nonspecific symptomatic diagnosis.

bladder overactivity occurs in less than 15%.

40% will have a significant cystocele.

urinary leakage is a symptom and a sign but not a diagnosis.

incontinence is not affected by associated prolapse.

a history of leakage associated with raised intraabdominal pressure is diagnostic.

is associated with little or no pressure change as the bladder fills.

is often low during slow bladder filling.

describes the relationship between change in bladder volume and change in detrusor pressure.

is rarely seen in neurologic patients.

of high value denotes an abnormal volume-pressure relationship.

concentric needle EMG studies.

detrusor leak point pressures.

surface electromyographic (EMG) studies.

abdominal leak point pressures.

urethral pressure profilometry.

experience fecal soiling.

have stable detrusor function.

develop voiding dysfunction.

experience sexual dysfunction.

have occult incontinence.

Gradually increasing afferent traffic back to the brain

Storing a continuously increasing amount of urine at gradually increasing pressure

A low degree of “tonus” within the bladder

Positive influences of the higher centers acting on the pontine micturition center

Voluntary control of micturition

Compression of the wall around the lumen

A means of compensating for abdominal pressure changes (pressure transmission)

A strong bladder neck mechanism

Watertight apposition of the urethral lumen

Structural support to keep the proximal urethra from moving during increases in pressure

cystoscopy.

Q tip test

cystography.

clinical examination.

detrusor leak point pressure.

pubo-urethral ligament.

arcus tendineus.

pubo-cervical fascia.

urethro-pelvic ligament.

ileo-pectineal ligament.

type I muscle fibers alone.

the intact pudendal nerve.

iliococcygeus muscle.

puborectalis muscle.

pubococcygeus muscle.

the hammock theory.

the “integral” hypothesis.

a combination of all of the above.

equal transmission of increased intra-abdominal pressure to both bladder and urethra.

the provision of a “backplate.”

menopause.

diabetes.

body mass.

pregnancy.

genetics.

is predominantly stress in type.

does not increase if there are preexisting symptoms.

occurs in up to 57% of men after radical prostatectomy.

has been as well characterized as for women.

is not related to age at the time of radical prostatectomy.