Labels helped them categorise typical exemplars

Labels helped both typical and atypical exemplars

Labels did not help them categorise atypical exemplars

Labels did not help them categorise the typical exemplars, but it did help them categorise the atypical exemplars

Prototypically of the learning set

Labelling

The level of abstraction

All of the above

3 to 5 months

1 to 2 months

6 to 8 months

9 to 10 months

7 months

6 months

8 months

9 months

Superordinate

None of the above

Basic

Subordinate

None of the above

Subordinate

Superordinate

Basic

Superordinate

Subordinate

None of the above

Basic

Vonk and MacDonald (2004)

Kluender et al. (1987)

Cerella (1979)

Schrier et al. (1984)

Infants were found to form a category representation of chairs that included novel chairs, but excluded couches, beds and tables.

Infants were found to form a category representation of domestic cats that included novel cats, but excluded birds, dogs, horses and tigers.

Infants were unable to form category representations of animals or furniture.

Both A and B

3 and 4 month olds

1 and 2 month olds

7 and 8 month olds

5 and 6 month olds

10 month old infants have conceptual insight as they spent a shorter amount of time examining an object from a new category.

10 month old infants have perceptual similarity as they spent a short amount of time examining an object from a new category.

10 month old infants have conceptual insight as they spent longer when examining object from a new category.

10 month old infants have perceptual similarity as they spent longer when examining an object from a new category.

Infants were unable to recognise object categories even when they were already familar with the objects used.

None of the above

Infants could recognise objects that they had just been introduced to, compared to objects in their pre-existing knowledge.

They had pre-existing knowledge of object categories they learnt at home.

Chimpanzees cannot understand category concepts as they could sort between food and tools.

Chimpanzees can understand categories as concepts as they could sort between food and tools.

Chimpanzees cannot understand categories as concepts as they could not sort between tools and food.

None of the above

An abstract representation of a category reflecting the central tendency, or 'best example'.

The inability to represent a category due to the reflection of central tendency

The lack of association between many categories

None of the above

6 months old

4 months old

5 months old

3 months old