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Order the stages in the menstrual cycle

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1
2
3
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7

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The pituitary gland releases follicle stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone, which stimulate a follicle in one ovary to open an egg.
The lining of the womb is shed.
The lining of the womb prepares for a pregnancy by increasing its blood supply.
Empson (1977) also found that males also experience a monthly cycle in alertness and body temperature.
This prompts the release of oestrogen.
Once the egg has ripened, the ruptured follicle secretes progesterone.
About two weeks after ovulation, if there is no pregnancy, progesterone is reduced.

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Match the sleep stages to their descriptions

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Stage 1 and 2 NREM
Stage 3 and 4 NREM
REM

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Delta wave sleep, Slow wave, metabolic rate slowest, growth hormone produced
'Paradoxical sleep', brain and eyes active but body paralysed, fast desynchronised EEG activity resembles the awake brain
Alpha and theta wave sleep, easily awoken, temperature drops, heart rate slows

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What are some examples of circadian rhythms?

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The sleep-wake cycle

The basic rest-activity cycle

Menstruation

The body temperature cycle

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Match the circadian rhythms evaluation point to the explanation

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Siffre (1975)
Folkard (1985)
Czeisler (1999)
Duffy (2000)
Miles (1977)
IDA: Real life application
IDA: Real life application- Folkard (1977)
IDA: Validity

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Siffre was a case study, focusing on an individual. Can we generalise this? However, it might also be described as an experiment, because he controlled variables. This is an important debate.
Studied a blind man. He could not follow any external cues, and struggled with his routine.
Spent 7 months in a cave. His body stayed at a 25 hour cycle.
Read to pre-teens at either 9:00AM or 3:00PM. Recall was better in the afternoon.
Light problems with methodology. Found he could alter circadian rhythms even with dim artificial lighting. In early studies, participants were not isolated from artificial light.
Chronotherapeutics is the study of drug therapy and timing. Heart attacks normally occur in the morning so aspirin should be taken at around 11:00PM so it can peak in the bloodstream.
Individual differences- early birds and night owls.
A group of 12 people lived in a cave for three weeks with an increasingly fast clock. All continued to follow a 24 hour cycle, except for one participant who adapted to the new 22 hour cycle.

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Match the type of biological rhythm to its explanation

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Circadian
Infradian
Ultradian

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More than 24 hours
Less than 24 hours
24 hour cycle

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Match the infradian and ultradian rhythms studies to their explanations

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Ultradian-Dement and Kleitman (1957)
Infradian-Russell et al (1980)
Infradian-Free will/determinism
Infradian- Real world application
Ultradian- Sleep stages
Infradian- consequences of the menstrual cycle

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Samples of sweat from women were wiped under the noses of other women and their periods synced up. This suggests that pheromones can also influence menstruation.
Used to be recognised as a psychological problem (it's all in your head) but is now respected as a physiological problem.
SAD is treated with phototherapy. 32% of people improved with a placebo, however.
Woke participants up during REM sleep. They usually reported dreams, however dreams were also found in other sleep stages and those in REM did not always report dreams.
PMS is a set of symptoms that start before a period. Dr Katharina Dalton argues that this should be classified with mental illness and individuals should not be held responsible for their actions. It has been used in court as a defence.
The BARC shows that sleep stages are part of a 90 minute continuum. The 90 minute cycles are probably a form of timing to ensure that the biological processes work in unison, like a conductor in an orchestra.

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When does core body temperature peak and trough?

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Peak at around 6:00AM, Trough around 9:00PM

Peak at around 4:30AM, Trough around 6:00PM

Peak at around 6:00PM, Trough around 4:30AM

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What causes SAD?

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The sleep hormone

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and the mood regulating neurotransmitter

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are released when it is dark (by the

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gland). More darkness means more

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and more melatonin means less

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, because melatonin is produced from serotonin. Low levels of serotonin are associated with

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.

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Which hormones peak around midnight?

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Progesterone

Serotonin

Ghrelin

Cortisol

Growth hormone

Melatonin

Testosterone

Oestrogen

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What are the two ultradian rhythms?

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The sleep stages

SAD

Menstruation

The basic rest-activity cycle

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When does cortisol peak and trough?

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Peaks 6:00AM, Troughs midnight

Peaks 6:00PM, Troughs 4:30AM

Peaks 4:30PM, Troughs midnight