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block

Explain crustal thinning as a subsidence mechanism.

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-mechanical stretching with development of large scale faults and fractures. -subsidence between faults=rift basins, back-arc basins. -locally, small basins have small amounts of extension in strike slip zones (pull-apart basins).

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What are the major strike-slip basin fill features/internal architecture?

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Mismatches between basin margins, marked contrasts in facies geometry, stratigraphy and unconformities. laterall and longitudinal changes in facies, abrupt facies changes, episodic. brecchies and grabons on the side.

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What are the main components and controls of foreland basin stratigraphic architecture?

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Syn-orogenic uplift and subsidence, post-orogenic erosion and rebound. Folds, reworking and deformation of fill. Thrust stacking, coarsening upwards trends unconformity bound. Multiple phases of syn and post, deeper marine at the bottom, fluvial at the top.

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What are three examples of each of ancient and modern basins for the three main types of basin?

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-divergent ancient=East greenland. modern=rio grande. Foreland/convergent ancient=cretaceous cambrian slab, california. modern=chile trench. Strike slip ancient=miocene ridge basin. modern=salton sea, california.

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How does a reflector being thought of as a series of adjacent diffractors help us understand seismic sections?

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A diffractor is the result of a constant velocity hyperbolic event. In a seismic section, many diffracting points constructively and destructively interfere to produce the image. MIgration collapses these diffractions etc exapling migration...

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Define migration, why it is important and how it is achieved.

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Migration is the process by which seismic events are geometrically relocated in either space or time to the position in the subsurface that the event occured, as opposed to where the event was recorded, creating a more accurate image of the subsurface. It is achieved by moving dipping reflectors and collapsing diffractions, increasing spatial resolution and resolves areas of complex geology.

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Explain time migration.

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Applied to seismic data in time coordinates and therefore does not require a velocity model, simplifying the processing stage and reducing computer resource need. However it makes the assumption that there are only mild lateral changes in velocity in the subsurface which breaks down in the presence on complex geology, particularly salt.

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How does the shape of a wavelet change as it travel through the subsurface?

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A wavelet= a waveform with restricted length. Geometric spreading=causes a decrease in amplitude of the wave as the energy is distributed across an expanding wavefront. Absorption= causes the amplitude and shape of he wave to change by preferentially attentuating the higher frequencies.

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Describe strike-slip basins.

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-relatively small and short-lived. -form in response to localised extension at strike-slip fault margins.

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Draw the syn-rise and fall diagram.

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-

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Describe divergent basins

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-are formed by extension. -represent a continuum of continential terrestrial rifts, proto-oceanic (ocean floor making), passive continental margins (ocean making).

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How is a synthetic seismogram calculated?

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1. Edit the sonic and density logs for bad intervals. 2. caluculate the vertical reflection times 3. calculate reflection coefficients Ro 4. combine the previous two to form a reflection coefficient time series. 5. convolve the reflection coefficient time series with the wavelet.

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Explain the difference between body and rayleigh waves.

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Body waves include P and S. P creates uniaixial strain as it propgates and it faster than S. S creates shear strain as it propogates and is in general not wanted. Rayleigh waves are surface and groundroll waves, they are large in magnitude but are slower.

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What three factors affect basin setting?

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1. Type of lithosphere. 2. Proximity to plate margin. 3. Type of plate boundary.

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Describe convergent basins.

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-are formed at or near continental crust margins, convergent plate boundaries. -formed by flexure in response to tectonic loading.