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Biological Species Concept
Limitations of B.S.C
Morphological/Phenetic Species Concept
Limitations of M.S.C
Taxonomy
Phylogeny
Cladistics
Character
Synapomorphy
Pleisomorphy
Homologous
Analogous
Convergence
Divergence
Adaptation
Exaptation
Sexual Selection
Morphodynamics
Monophyly
Paraphyly

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descend from different groups
inapplicable to asexual organisms, historic cases and borderline cases
method of hypothesizing relationships among organisms based on shared characters
character derived from common ancestor
characters independently arise from different evolutionary origins
closely related species that have differentiated characters
group of organisms that resemble one another and are distinct from other sets e.g. morphological characters
group of actually (or potentially) breeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups
evolutionary tree of common descent
trait or feature shared by an organism
Defining groups on the basis of shared characters
a shared derived trait unique to a clade (group) organisms
an inherited trait shared with the ancestors of a clade
Variation within same species, identical sister species, fossil record and missing data
ability to select/attract mates - can lead to maladaptive traits and dimorphism
feature that has been co-opted to serve a new function
characteristic enhances survival or reproduction of organism that bears it
single evolutionary origin for all members of that monophyletic group
character that is superficially similar but with different evolutionary origin
interaction between environment, functional morphology, developmental, historic constraints and time

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Animals are....

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Without a cell wall

With cell wall

Heterotrophic

Entirely mobile

Mobile stage of life

Dimorphic gametes

Multicellular

Chemotrophic

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Buoyancy in fish and invertebrates...

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Fish and invertebrates are

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so by actively moving up and down in the water

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they are able to change body temperature, the higher,

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and the more buoyant. Some

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fish (inhabit lower depths 1-4km) deposit

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wax esters in tissues to achieve

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buoyancy. Wax esters are esters if a fatty acid and an

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and they possess the same chemical properties as

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but they are

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Some species use

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active esters. Physeter macrocephalus or

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whales contain lipids in large

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organ on their head. To descend the lipid is

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until it solidifies, the increasing

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allows whales to sink without much

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swimming.

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Archaeocyaths....

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Disappeared in 40MY

Hundreds of species

Contribute to reef formation

Disappeared within 15MY

530 MY

490 MY

Few species

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Sponges - Porifera...

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All sponges have

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called

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through which water,

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is drawn

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Neutral Buoyancy...

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Jellyfish do not posses well-defined

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tissue, circular muscles are arranged in distinct bands on the

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surface; contracting or relaxing, causing the bell to

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The swimming bell or

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contain

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which is mainly water, used in jet propulsion.

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Adjusting body volume...

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The Portugese Man o'War has a

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a gas-filled bladder and sail, which is filled with

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(15%) from a gas gland called the

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Siphon allows gas to be expelled quickly allowing

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Stability when submerged...

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The centre of gravity (CoM) and the centre of

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(CoB) should not be in the same place. When submerged, the stable condition is with the

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directly below the

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, any deviation will generate

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that tends to accelerate towards a stable position. When

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on the surface, the

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is generally above the

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, this can also be stable because CoB moves as the body tilts.

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Sponge Nutrient Cycling

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Sponges alter carbon and

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cycling in the ocean.

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supports P recycling, when bottom becomes

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, P removed into

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Locomotion...

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Locomotion evolved as a mean to find

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and avoid being food. It is the most

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costly activity, it is biochemically and physiologically

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It was essential for both the transition to

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and air.

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Buoyancy...

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Buoyancy is an

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force that opposes the weight of the

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object. The

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Principle states that the

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force is equal to the

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of the object. Seals

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before diving to reduce buoyancy and can remain submerged for up to

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minutes. They have 1.5 - 2 times the volume of

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with more haemoglobin and myoglobin to store oxygen in muscles. Diving birds

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their plumage.

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Closed swim bladder

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Closed or

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swim bladders allow

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movement and are found in derived

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fish. The rete

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fills the swim bladder via a

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gland, with oxygen.

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Buoyancy trade-off

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If an animal is

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than water, it needs to generate

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which requires energy. If an animal is less

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than water, it will generate more

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due to greater volume. At

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speeds, more economical to reduce density, at high speeds, a more

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body and lift.

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Eocyathispongia quiania....

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500 MY fossil

600 MY Fossil

Many specimens

1.2 mm wide

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Sponges - Porifera....

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Skeleton made of spicules and collagen

Up to 2m high

Simplest multicellular animals

Mainly marine (150 terrestrial species)

Unicellular or multicellular

500spp

Mainly marine (15 terrestrial species)

Up to 75% biomass on arctic sea floor

No organs

Cell specialisation

Contains organs

250 spp

Chitinous skeleton

Lots of predators, easy to eat