Both b and d

(c) The right gland is crescentic in shape.

(a) The weight of each of the glands is approximately 10 g.

(d) The left adrenal gland lies adjacent to the splenic vessels.

(b) The adrenal glands are in close proximity to the crus of the diaphragm.

(d) The right adrenal gland is typically located higher in the retroperitoneum than the left adrenal gland.

(a) The right renal vein is longer than the left renal vein.

Both c and d

(c) The right kidney is typically located lower in the retroperitoneum than the left kidney.

(b) The right adrenal vein is longer than the left adrenal vein.

(c) the renal arteries.

(a) the aorta.

(b) the inferior phrenic arteries.

(d) the celiac arterial trunk.

a, b, and c

found in its normal anatomic position in the upper retroperitoneum.

found closely associated with the ipsilateral renal artery.

found closely applied to the superior pole of the ectopic kidney.

found in association with the contralateral adrenal gland.

absent.

found in association with the contralateral adrenal gland.

found in its normal anatomic position in the upper retroperitoneum.

found in an ectopic, intrathoracic location.

absent.

found just inside the ipsilateral internal inguinal ring.

zona reticularis, zona fasciculata, and zona glomerulosa.

zona fasciculata, zona reticularis, and zona glomerulosa.

zona glomerulosa, zona reticularis, and zona fasciculata.

zona reticularis, zona glomerulosa, and zona fasciculata.

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis.

The adrenal medulla produces catecholamines in response to stimulation from the sympathetic nervous system.

The zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex produces androgens in response to luteinizing hormone (LH).

Both b and

The zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex produces glucocorticoids in response to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

The zona glomerulosa produces aldosterone in response to angiotensin II.

Ultrasound imaging cannot differentiate between solid and cystic masses of the adrenal gland.

CT is the most widely used modality for imaging the adrenal glands.

Normal adrenal tissue has a density of greater than 10 Hounsfield units on noncontrast CT imaging.

MRI, via T1-weighted and T2-weighted images, can provide functional data about adrenal masses.

Contrast resolution of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is inferior to that of computed tomography (CT) in enabling differentiation of adrenal masses.