Threat or serious injury; target; connection; safe avenue of escape; imminence of threat; self induced

Volderrama-Vega

Shayler- has be D or someone he's responsible for

1. Was D compelled to act as he did because he reasonably believed he had good cause to fear serious injury or death?

A cowardly, timid person would not reasonably do this

2. If so, would a sober person of reasonable firmness, sharing D's characteristics, have responded in the same way?

Horne- average member of the public, not a coward

D's age; sex; pregnancy; mental disorder; serious physical injury (not just low IQ)

No- Gill

Abdul-Hussain "threat must operate on D's mind at the time of committing the act so as to overbear his will"

"The defence is not allowed where D voluntarily associates with others involved in criminal activity and he foresaw or ought reasonably to have foreseen risk of being subjected to threats of violence"

Voluntarily joined the violent gang

Shepherd- shoplifting doesn't involve violence