herbal medications is 2 weeks.

nonsteroidal inflammatory agents is 1 day.

aspirin is 5 days.

clopidogrel is 10 days.

warfarin is 5 days.

Tract infiltration with local anesthetic

Balloon dilation compared to semirigid plastic dilation of the access tract

Intercostal nerve block

Smaller compared to larger caliber postprocedure nephrostomy tubes

Thoracic paravertebral block

continuously monitors depth of needle penetration.

cannot be performed in malrotated kidneys.

is less suitable than the "eye-of-the-needle" technique in morbidly obese patients.

increases radiation exposure to the operator's hands compared to the "eyeof- the-needle" technique.

is not as dependent on retrograde assistance as the "eye-of-the-needle" technique.

less need for removal in the radiology suite.

earlier hospital discharge.

more urinary leakage.

equivalent pain.

less postprocedure blood loss.

Duodenum

Jejunum

Gallbladder

Spleen

Liver