NaBH4 In aqueous ethanol

Equal mixture of enantiomers

Non-superimposable mirror images

Pure carbonyls cannot hydrogen bond, but bond instead by permanent dipole forces

If the C=O is in the middle of the chain it is a ketone The name will end in one

Carbonyls are compounds with a C=O bond. They can be either aldehydes or ketones

The smaller carbonyls are soluble in water because they can form hydrogen bonds with water

O is more electronegative than carbon. The positive carbon atom attracts nucleophiles.

Potassium dichromate K2Cr2O7 is the oxidising agent

Reagent: potassium dichromate (VI) solution and dilute sulphuric acid. Conditions: heat under reflux

the orange dichromate ion (Cr2O7 2-) reduces to the green Cr 3+ ion

by mixing aqueous ammonia and silver nitrate.

Observation: with aldehydes, a silver mirror forms coating the inside of the test tube. Ketones result in no change.

Blue Cu 2+ ions in solution change to a red precipitate of Cu2O. Ketones do not react.