Neutrophil

Basophil

Megakaryocyte

Natural killer

Erythrocyte

FOXP3

NFkB essential modulator (NEMO)

CD40

AIRE

Perforin

Tackle intracellular pathogens

Induce fever

Augment antibody production

Attract neutrophils

Downregulate T cells

Dendritic Cell

Macrophage

B cell

Neutrophil

Thymic epithelial cell

Farmers Lung is a type III hypersensitivity inflammatory response that spirometry shows a obstructive pattern.

Goodpasture’s Syndrome is organ specific disease that affects lungs and kidney.

for example glomerulonephritis

ystemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease with a broad spectrum of clinical presentations

anaemia

FOXP3 mutation causing dysfunction of Treg cells

thrombocytopenia.

Features of Graves’ Disease: Suppressed thyroid stimulating hormone [TSH]

Immunologically privileged site such as eyes

Peripheral tolerance – Elimination of newly formed strongly autoreactive lymphocytes in the thymus

AIRE gene involve in antigen clearance and presentation

is always protected from inflammation response

Co-stimulatory molecules are usually downregulated by cytokines produced during inflammation.

Autoimmune Regulator (AIRE) allows the lymph node to express a variety of peripheral tissue antigens

If autoantibody is IgM

RBCs are always lysed by MAC formation.

Complement mediated destruction = Extravascular haemolysis

it will coat the RBC. The cells are taken up by macrophages via the Fc receptor and transported to the spleen where they are destroyed.

Positive Direct Coombes test

Absence of RBC formation

Goodpastures

Systemic lupus erythematous

Graves

AIHA

Neutrophil

Mast cell

Basophil

Macrophage

Eosinophil

Graves disease

Myasthenia Gravis

Systemic lupus erythematosus

MS

Goodpastures

CNS

Foetus

Testes

Eyes

Vagina

B&T cel receptors undergo somatic hypermutation

Results in decrease in B cell receptor diversity

Occurs in germinal centres

Autoreactive B cell receptors won't be generated despite undergoing mutation

It is a mutation within the constant region of a B cell receptor

Type III

Type II

Type I

Type IV

None of them

Type III hypersensitivity

Type I hypersensitivity

Type IV hypersensitivity

Type II hypersensitivity

Pre-existing antibioties in the host lead to rejection within a few hours or less e.g. different blood groups

T cell mediated response - rejection occurs after approximately 10 days where cells are primed when transplant first takes place but takes a while for naive cells to be activated

Donor T cells are activated by host cell APC which leads to proliferation of CTLs and NK cells which attack the host

Alloreactive T cells secrete CCL5 which leads to rejection through NK cell activation and attraction of macrophages to secrete inflammatory cytokines